Markers Associated With Arteriovascular Events And Methods Of Use Thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods of identifying subjects with arteriovascular disease, subjects at risk for developing arteriovascular disease, methods of differentially diagnosing diseases associated with arteriovascular disease from other diseases or within sub-classifications of arteriovascular disease, methods of evaluating the risk of arteriovascular events in patients with arteriovascular disease, methods of evaluating the effectiveness of treatments in subjects with arteriovascular disease, and methods of selecting therapies for treating arteriovascular disease.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/704,286 filed May5, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/755,146, filed Apr. 6, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/811,441, filed Jun. 7, 2007 and claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/811,996, filed onJun. 7, 2006. Each of the applications and patents cited in this text,as well as each document or reference cited in each of the applicationsand patents (including during the prosecution of each issued patent;“application cited documents”), and each of the U.S. and foreignapplications or patents corresponding to and/or claiming priority fromany of these applications and patents, and each of the documents citedor referenced in each of the application cited documents, are herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference. More generally, documents orreferences are cited in this text, either in a Reference List before theclaims, or in the text itself; and, each of these documents orreferences (“herein-cited references”), as well as each document orreference cited in each of the herein-cited references (including anymanufacturer's specifications, instructions, etc.), is hereby expresslyincorporated herein by reference. Documents incorporated by referenceinto this text may be employed in the practice of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the identification ofbiological markers associated with arteriovascular events and methods ofusing such biological markers in screening, prevention, diagnosis,therapy, monitoring, and prognosis of arteriovascular disease.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Arteriovascular disease continues to be a leading cause of morbidity andmortality among adults in Europe and North America. Althoughage-adjusted death rates have declined over the past two decades, theabsolute mortality rate from arteriovascular disease has not.Arteriovascular disease accounts for over one-half million deaths (1 outof every 5) in the U.S. yearly. The lifetime risk of arteriovasculardisease after age 40 has been estimated at 49% for men and 32% forwomen. Even for those who survive to age 70 years, the lifetime risk forarteriovascular disease has been estimated at 35% for men and 24% forwomen. Arteriovascular diseases include atherosclerosis andatherothrombosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral arterydisease (PAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD).

Risk factors for arteriovascular disease currently account for a largeproportion of the burden of heart disease in the United States,suggesting that risk-factor identification and risk-lowering treatmentscould postpone or prevent the majority of arteriovascular events.Identified risk factors for arteriovascular disease include independentrisk factors, such as cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure(hypertension), elevated serum total cholesterol (CHOL) and low-densitylipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and advancing age. Conditional riskfactors for arteriovascular disease include elevated serum triglycerides(TRIG), small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine levels,elevated serum lipoprotein (a) (LPA), prothrombotic factors such asfibrinogen (FGA), and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein(CRP), whose contribution to risk may vary upon their relationship toother identified risk factors. Other risk factors include obesity(measured by weight (WT), height (HT), Body Mass Index (BMI), andabdominal girth comparisons such as waist (“Waist”) or hip (“Hip”)circumference, ankle-brachial index, physical inactivity, family historyof arteriovascular disease, ethnicity, and psychosocial factors.Arteriovascular disease risk factors have been the subject of manystudies, including those presented in Pasternak, R. C. et al (2003) MCC41(11): 1855-1917 and Grundy, S. M. (1999) Circulation 100: 988-998.

Typically, a patient suspected of having arteriovascular disease isassessed on several of the “traditional” or “conventional” risk factors:age, sex, total cholesterol concentration, HDL and LDL cholesterolconcentration, smoking status, diabetic status, and blood pressure(systolic and diastolic), as well as many of the above conditional riskfactors, such as LPA, FGA, CRP, and homocysteine, amongst others. Theserisk factors have been incorporated into useful predictive models offuture arteriovascular events, such as the Framingham Risk Scorepresented in Wilson, P. W, et al (1998) Circulation 97: 1837-1847,however this “evidence-based” multiple risk factor or “global riskassessment” approach is only moderately accurate for predicting short-and long-term risk of manifesting a major arteriovascular event,particularly an event such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS, comprisingmyocardial infarction and unstable angina), stroke or sudden death, inhealthy populations or asymptomatic individuals. In particular, whilesuch approaches may, at typical clinical measurement cut-off levels, berelatively sensitive to individuals who have multiple risk factors,experienced past arteriovascular events or who have already confirmedarteriovascular disease (who would be “true positives” if theysubsequently experience an acute arteriovascular event), they sufferfrom specificity, also identifying large portions of the population whodo not subsequently experience acute arteriovascular events (“falsepositives”). In the typical adult population, these algorithms yieldmany more false positives than true positives, particularly in the low(<6% ten year risk of an acute event) and intermediate risk (6-20% tenyear risk of an acute event) populations that make up the majority ofthose tested. While performance metrics for global risk assessmentindices may evidence high clinical utility in the population in whichthe index algorithm was trained, occasionally exhibiting an AUC as highas 0.8, but more commonly an AUC around 0.7 (Wilson et al. abovereported 0.74 for men and 0.77 for females for the Framingham RiskScore), such predictive models show relatively low transferabilitybetween populations, which may differ based on genetic and otherfactors, and absent substantial recalibration and re-optimization, oftenthe AUC will drop to below 0.65, as shown in the example. They also areoften difficult for clinicians to effectively implement and performwithin an active clinical environment, involving complex calculationsand numerical manipulations.

Thus, the general concept of applying one or more biomarkers to the taskof classifying current and predicting future arteriovascular disease orrisk of future arteriovascular events is not new in the clinicalpractice, literature or patent art. Several specific biomarkers,biomarker combinations, and methods have been proposed over time, withlimited adoption to date due to several issues including technicaldifficulty, analytical performance, clinical performance, reliability,and practical clinician application of complex algorithms combining morethan one such biomarker. By way of example, Ridker, P. et al. in U.S.Pat. No. 6,040,147 dated Mar. 21, 2000, suggested the use of a marker ofsystemic inflammation (including the use of CRP, a cytokine or acellular adhesion marker such as soluble ICAM-1) could be useful inassessing the risk profile of an apparently healthy individuals riskprofile for developing a future myocardial infarction, either alone orin combination with traditional risk factors such as CHOL or HDLC; suchuse of CRP has now become routine. Schonbeck, U. et al., in U.S. Pat.No. 7,189,518 B2 dated Mar. 13, 2007, suggested similar usage forsoluble CD40 ligand (CD40LG) in predicting future cardiovasculardisorders, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, in apparentlyhealthy individuals; this has not been clinically adopted due toinadequate performance as a single marker. Anderson, L. (2004) in J.Physiological Society 563.1: 23-60, suggested 177 individual candidatebiomarker proteins with reported associations to cardiovascular diseaseand stroke that might be of use in constructing panels ofdisease-related proteins for several applications, including theanticipation of future myocardial infarction or stroke, if it were foundthat several of the biomarkers were independent and not stronglycorrelated with each other, and thus able to be combined together intopanels and “composite indices” more useful than the information gatheredfrom the single biomarkers used individually; beyond referencing thepreviously mentioned relationships with CRP and cholesterol, no suchuseful individual panel involving was disclosed by Anderson, and severaltechnical barriers and shortcomings of existing multi-marker analyticaltechniques in future discovery of such multi-marker associations werementioned. Puskas, R. et al., in US Patent Publication 2006/0078998 A1published Apr. 13, 2006, disclosed an technical technique useful forsuch single or multiplexed biomarker single molecule counting insamples, and mentions a wide analytical range of potential biomarkersand functional biomarker groupings potentially useful in multiplediseases, including cardiovascular disease; no specific combination ofbiomarkers for predicting the future risk of arteriovascular events wasmentioned, nor were all of the individual biomarkers of the currentinvention disclosed therein.

Tabibiazar, R. et al., in US Patent Publication 2007/0070099239 A1published May 3, 2007, disclosed the use of several specific panels ofbiomarkers combined with various algorithms and analytical processes, inthe discrimination and classification of atherosclerotic patients withpast acute myocardial infarction from such patients with known stablecardiovascular disease, from those with no history of cardiovasculardisease or atherosclerosis, or amongst various classification ofatherosclerotic staging and current medication use within knownatherosclerotic patients. Although various “predictive” algorithms arementioned therein, and the suggestion made that certain of suchdisclosed biomarker panels may be useful in the prediction of futurecardiovascular events, no specific panel for prediction of futurecardiovascular events or future cardiovascular status tested within anasymptomatic and previously undiagnosed population is disclosed. Nor issuch clearly claimed in the application as filed, nor are any examplesgiven within the published patent of study designs involving themeasurement of apparently healthy and asymptomatic individuals prior toknown cardiovascular events (or confirmed symptoms and/or diagnosedatherosclerosis) and then subsequently following their health status fora sufficient longitudinal time period allowing the development ofsubsequent cardiovascular events. Although certain of the individualpanels of biomarkers disclosed therein may be useful in suchapplications, it is unlikely that the panels, algorithms and analyticalprocesses disclosed therein, selected and trained on past events andknown symptomatic disease, will successfully predict the future risk ofcardiovascular events in asymptomatic and previously undiagnosedsubjects with as high a degree of diagnostic accuracy as is presentedand claimed in Tabibiazar over a specific multi-year time horizon,absent substantial and predictive model re-training, re-modeling,optimization and re-purposing likely not possible absent inputs fromsuch longitudinal studies, which may include changes to cutoffs,reference values and other formula. Although overlap of certainindividual biomarkers disclosed in Tabibiazar with individual biomarkersand a subset of the panels of the current invention is acknowledged,each of the individual biomarkers mentioned in Tabibiazar which are alsoclaimed herein in specific panel combinations of the current invention(and specifically CCL2, IGF1, LEP, VEGF, and IL8) were also previouslydisclosed in the prior published art as associated with cardiovasculardisease (each of them were notably mentioned and reviewed in theaforementioned Anderson reference, amongst others). Such specificclinical applications, additional biomarkers, specific biomarkercombination panels, study designs, and analytical techniques and formulaare key aspects of the current invention.

Recently, several studies in the scientific literature have beenpublished examining various individual and multiple biomarkerstrategies, most notably Folsom, A. R. et al. (2006) Arch. Intern Med166:1368-1373 and Wang, T. J. et al. (2006) N Eng J Med 355: 2631-2639.These studies, utilizing retrospective samples from longitudinalclinical studies such as the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Studyand the Framingham Heart Study, combined subject clinical parameters andtraditional laboratory risk factors (including using such traditionallaboratory based biomarkers such as CHOL, CRP, FGA, HDLC, LPA, andHomocysteine), as well as novel markers such as Albumin-to-creatineratios, Aldosterone, ANP (NPPA), BNP (NPPB), D-dimer, ICAM1, IL6, LEP,MMP1, PLA2G7, PLAT, PLG, REN, SELE, SERPINE1, TIMP1, THBD, amongstothers, both as individual markers and incrementally as additions tomulti-marker indices. Both studies found little improvement in theability to predict future arteriovascular events with novel markers overthe models incorporating the basic clinical parameters and traditionallaboratory risk factors. As a result, the use of such novel markersremains clinically controversial.

Given the foregoing, it is clear that an important discrepancy hasarisen in understanding the role of the aforementioned risk factors andbiomarkers compared to the development of arteriovascular diseaseevents. In contrast to the relative ease of recognition and clarity oftreatment and prevention strategies in patients with symptomaticarteriovascular disease (i.e., exhibit symptoms such as active chestpain, claudication, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or mild cognitiveimpairment (MCI), a major problem of detection, treatment, andprevention of arteriovascular disease exists in the large, apparentlyhealthy, population who have no symptoms, yet are at an increased riskto develop arteriovascular disease or experience major arteriovascularevents. A large number of victims of the disease who are apparentlyhealthy die or have initial acute arteriovascular events suddenlywithout prior symptoms. Despite the many available risk assessmentapproaches, a substantial gap remains in the detection of asymptomaticindividuals who ultimately develop arteriovascular disease. Currentlyavailable screening and diagnostic methods are insufficient to identifyasymptomatic individuals before such acute events associated witharteriovascular disease occur. Of those who experience a majorarteriovascular event as many as 20% have none of the traditional riskfactors. There remains an unmet need in the art to directly diagnose andpredict the risk of arteriovascular disease and events, particularly inthose individuals who do not exhibit symptoms or few or none of thetraditional risk factors currently measured by physicians.

All of the foregoing references, including Tabibiazar, are hereinreferred to and incorporated in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in part to the discovery that certainbiological markers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms,metabolites, and other analytes, as well as certain physiologicalconditions and states, are present in subjects with an increased risk ofarteriovascular events, such as, but not limited to, acute coronarysyndromes such as myocardial infarction and unstable angina, as well asother acute events associated with an arteriovascular disease, includingthose associated with atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary arterydisease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and cerebrovasculardisease (CVD), but where such subjects do not exhibit some or all of thetraditional risk factors of these diseases, or subjects who areasymptomatic for these diseases.

Accordingly, the invention provides biological markers ofarteriovascular events that, when used together in combinations of threeor more such biomarker combinations, or “panels,” can be used to assessthe risk of subjects experiencing said arteriovascular events, todiagnose or identify subjects with an arteriovascular disease, tomonitor the risk factors for development of an arteriovascular disease,to monitor subjects that are undergoing therapies for an arteriovasculardisease, to differentially diagnose disease states associated with anarteriovascular disease from other diseases or withinsub-classifications of arteriovascular diseases, to evaluate changes inthe risk of arteriovascular events in subjects with an arteriovasculardisease, and to select or modify therapies or interventions for use intreating subjects with an arteriovascular disease, or for use insubjects who are at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease.

An aspect of the present invention provides use of a panel of biologicalmarkers, some of which are unrelated to arteriovascular disease or havenot heretofore been identified as related to the risk of futurearteriovascular disease or events, but are related to early biologicalchanges that can lead to the development of arteriovascular disease orarteriovascular events, to detect and identify subjects who exhibit noneof the symptoms or few or none of the traditional risk factors forarteriovascular disease, i.e., who are asymptomatic for arteriovasculardisease and have only non-specific indicators of potentialarteriovascular events, such as arteriovascular risk factors, or whoexhibit none or few of the traditional risk factors of arteriovasculardisease, yet remain at risk.

Significantly, many of the individual biomarkers disclosed herein haveshown little individual significance in the diagnosis of arteriovasculardisease, or individually for assessing the risk of arteriovasculardisease or events, but when used in combination with other disclosedbiomarkers and combined with the various herein disclosed algorithms,traditional laboratory risk factors of arteriovascular disease, andother clinical parameters of arteriovascular disease, become significantdiscriminates of a subject having arteriovascular disease or a subjectwho is at risk for developing an arteriovascular event, from one who isnot at risk for arteriovascular disease or is not at significant risk ofdeveloping arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. TheMethods of the present invention provide an improvement over currentlyavailable methods of risk evaluation of the development ofarteriovascular disease and/or arteriovascular events in a subject bymeasurement of the biomarkers defined herein.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments an aspect of the invention isdirected to a method for assessing a risk of developing anarteriovascular disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the methodallows for assessing risk with a predetermined level of predictability.In certain embodiments, the method includes, measuring a level of aneffective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS. For instance, theARTERIORISKMARKERS may include one or more of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS1-1023, which markers are in a sample obtained from the subject. Incertain embodiments, the level of expression of five or more, ten ormore, twenty-five or more, or fifty or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS aremeasured. The method may further include measuring a clinicallysignificant alteration in the level of the two or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS in the sample, for instance, where the alterationindicates an increased risk of developing an arteriovascular disease inthe subject.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method of diagnosing or identifying a subject having anarteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method allows forassessing risk with a predetermined level of predictability. In certainembodiments, the method includes measuring the level of an effectiveamount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are selected fromARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a sample from the subject. The method mayfurther include comparing the level of the effective amount of the twoor more ARTERIORISKMARKERS to a reference value. The reference value maybe an index value or may be may be derived from one or more riskprediction algorithms or computed indices for the arteriovasculardisease.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for assessing the progression of an arteriovascular diseasein a subject. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessingthe progression of an arteriovascular disease in a subject with apredetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, themethod includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two ormore ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in afirst sample from the subject at a first period of time, detecting thelevel of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in asecond sample from the subject at a second period of time, and comparingthe level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERSdetected in the first step to the amount detected in second step, or toa reference value. In certain embodiments, the first sample is takenfrom the subject prior to being treated for the arteriovascular diseaseand/or the second sample is taken from the subject after being treatedfor the arteriovascular disease. Further, in certain embodiments, thereference value is derived from one or more subjects who have sufferedfrom an arteriovascular event.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for anarteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method allows formonitoring the effectiveness of treatment for an arteriovascular diseasein a subject with a predetermined level of predictability. In certainembodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effectiveamount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected fromARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from a subject at a firstperiod of time; detecting the level of an effective amount of two ormore ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a secondperiod of time; and comparing the level of the effective amount of thetwo or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to the amountdetected in the second step, or to a reference value, wherein theeffectiveness of treatment is monitored by a change in the level of theeffective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS from the subject. Incertain embodiments, the treatment for the arteriovascular disease to bemonitored includes exercise regimens, dietary supplements, therapeuticagents, surgical intervention, and prophylactic agents. In certainembodiments, the effectiveness of treatment is additionally monitored bydetecting changes in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol levels,LDL levels, HDL levels, systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, orcombinations thereof. Further, the reference value is derived from oneor more subjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular risk factorsas a result of one or more treatments for arteriovascular disease.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for selecting a treatment regimen for a subject diagnosedwith or at risk for an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments,the method allows for selecting a treatment regimen for a subjectdiagnosed with or at risk for an arteriovascular disease with apredetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, themethod includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two ormore ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in afirst sample from the subject at a first period of time, optionallydetecting the level of an effective amount of two or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a secondperiod of time and comparing the level of the effective amount of thetwo or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to a referencevalue, or optionally to an amount detected in the second step. Incertain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or moresubjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular disease risk factorsas a result of one or more treatments for the arteriovascular disease.For instance, the improvement may be monitored by an imaging modality,by detecting a reduction in body mass index (BMI), a reduction in totalcholesterol levels, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDLlevels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, orcombinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the imaging modality mayinclude one or more of: computed tomography (CT), optical coherencetomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS), high-resolutionIVUS, elastography (palpography), angioscopy, electron beam computedtomography (EBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MM), positron emissiontomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),immunoscintigraphy, and invasive angiography.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for treating one or more subjects at risk for developing anarteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method includes,detecting the presence of increased levels of at least two differentARTERIORISKMARKERS that are present in a sample from the one or moresubjects; and treating the one or more subjects. For instance, the oneor more subjects may be treated with one or more arteriovasculardisease-modulating drugs until altered levels of the at least twodifferent ARTERIORISKMARKERS return to a baseline value measured in oneor more subjects at low risk for developing the arteriovascular disease,or a baseline value measured in one or more subjects who showimprovements in arteriovascular risk markers as a result of treatmentwith one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs. In certainembodiments, the arteriovascular disease-modulating drug comprises.beta.-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers,antiplatelet agents, anti-coagulant agents, sulfonylureas, biguanides,insulin, thiazolidinediones, nitrates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatoryagents, statins, cilostazol, pentoxifylline, buflomedil, naftidrofuryl,and combinations thereof. Additionally, the improvements inarteriovascular risk markers may be as a result of treatment with theone or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs and may include areduction in body mass index (BMI), a reduction in total cholesterollevels, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDL levels, areduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinationsthereof.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method of differentially diagnosing disease states associated withan arteriovascular disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, themethod includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two ormore ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in asample from the subject; and comparing the level of the effective amountof the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to aarteriovascular disease subject expression profile, or to a referencevalue.

The arteriovascular disease may include a metabolic syndrome, SyndromeX, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heartvalve disease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, cardiomyopathy, congestiveheart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock,endocarditis, aortic stenosis, peripheral artery disease,cerebrovascular disease, and/or congenital heart disease. Thearteriovascular disease may be measured by any method well known in theart, for instance, such as electrophoretically or immunochemically, forinstance, by radio-immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay or by anenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, the level ofARTERIORISKMARKERS may be measured by specific oligonucleotidehybridization.

The subject maybe a subject that has not been previously diagnosed oridentified as having or suffering from the arteriovascular disease orthe subject may be one that is asymptomatic for the arteriovasculardisease. Further, the subject may be one that has previously beenidentified and/or treated or has not previously been identified and/ortreated for the arteriovascular disease. Additionally, the sample may beobtained by any means known in the art and may be serum, blood plasma,blood cells, endothelial cells, tissue biopsies, ascites fluid, bonemarrow, interstitial fluid, sputum, urine, or the like.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for assessing a risk of plaque development in a subject. Incertain embodiments, the method allows for assessing risk with apredetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, themethod includes measuring the level of an effective amount of two ormore ARTERIORISKMARKERS, such as 1-1023, in a sample from the subject.The method may further include measuring a clinically significantalteration in the level of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in thesample, for instance, wherein the alteration indicates an increased riskof developing a plaque in the subject. In certain embodiments, thesubject has not been previously diagnosed as having a plaque, while inother embodiments the subject is asymptomatic for the plaque.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method of diagnosing or identifying a subject having a plaque. Incertain embodiments, the method allows for diagnosing or identifying asubject having a plaque with a predetermined level of predictability. Incertain embodiments, the method includes measuring the level of aneffective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected fromARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a sample from the subject. The method mayfurther include comparing the level of the effective amount of the twoor more ARTERIORISKMARKERS to a reference value. In certain embodiments,the reference value is an index value and in other embodiments, thereference value is derived from one or more risk prediction algorithmsor computed indices for plaque development.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for assessing the progression of a plaque formation thatassociated with atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis in a subject. Incertain embodiments, the method allows for assessing the progression ofa plaque formation that associated with atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis in a subject with a predetermined level ofpredictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes detectingthe level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERSselected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from thesubject at a first period of time; detecting a level of an effectiveamount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from thesubject at a second period of time; and comparing the level of theeffective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in thefirst step to the amount detected in the second step, or to a referencevalue. In certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from oneor more subjects who have suffered from plaque rupture.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method for evaluating changes in the risk of plaque formation in asubject diagnosed with or at risk for developing atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the method includes detectingthe level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERSselected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from thesubject at a first period of time; optionally detecting the level of aneffective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second samplefrom the subject at a second period of time; and comparing the level ofthe effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected inthe first step to a reference value, or optionally, to the amount in thesecond step. In certain embodiments, the first sample is taken from thesubject prior to being treated for the atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis and/or the second sample is taken from the subjectafter being treated for the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis.Additionally, in certain embodiments, the treatment for atherosclerosisor atherothrombosis comprises exercise regimens, dietary supplements,therapeutic agents, surgical intervention, and prophylactic agents.Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the reference value is derived fromone or more subjects who have suffered from plaque rupture.

In certain embodiments, the subject is suffering from atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the subject may or may nothave been previously diagnosed or identified as having a plaque,suffering from atherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis; and/or may ormay not have been previously treated for atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis. Further, the subject may be asymptomatic for theplaque, atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, thefirst sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated for theatherosclerosis or atherothrombosis and/or the second sample is takenfrom the subject after being treated for the atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an arteriovascular disease reference expression profile that includesa pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two or more markersselected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which is taken from one or moresubjects who do not have the arteriovascular disease. In certainembodiments, the subject invention is directed to an atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis reference expression profile that includes a pattern ofmarker levels of an effective amount of two or more markers selectedfrom ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are taken from one or moresubjects who do not have atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certainembodiments, the subject invention is directed to an arteriovasculardisease subject expression profile, that includes a pattern of markerlevels of an effective amount of two or more markers selected fromARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are taken from one or more subjects whohave the arteriovascular disease, are at risk for developing thearteriovascular disease, or are being treated for the arteriovasculardisease. In certain embodiments, the subject invention is directed to anatherosclerosis or atherothrombosis subject expression profile, thatincludes a pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two oremore markers selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are takenfrom one or more subjects who have atherosclerosis or atherothrombosisand maybe at risk for developing atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis, ormay be being treated for atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an array that includes a plurality of ARTERIORISKMARKER detectionreagents, which detect the corresponding ARTERIORISKMARKERS selectedfrom ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, and are sufficient to generate aprofile(s). In certain embodiments, the detection reagent includes oneor more antibodies or fragments thereof, one or more oligonucleotides,one or more aptamers, one or more arteriovascular disease referenceexpression profiles and/or optionally, additional test results andsubject information. In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subjectinvention is directed to a machine readable media containing one or moreof the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis reference expression profilesand optionally, additional test results and subject information. Incertain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to amethod of tracking a subject's status that includes collecting anarteriovascular disease reference expression profile and reporting theexpression profile to a center.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel. In certain embodiments, the one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of a physiological pathway associatedwith an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, thephysiological pathway comprises inflammation, platelet aggregation,apoptosis, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, necrosis, or vascularcalcification.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of a site associated with anarteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the site includes oneor more coronary arteries, peripheral arteries, or cerebrovasculararteries.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of the progression of anarteriovascular disease.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of the speed of progression of anarteriovascular disease.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS that are specific to one or more arteriovasculardiseases.

In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directedto a method of evaluating changes in the risk of an arteriovascularevent in a subject diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease. The methodincludes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a firstsample from the subject at a first period of time; optionally detectingthe level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in asecond sample from the subject at a second period of time and comparingthe level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERSdetected in the first step to a reference value, or optionally, to theamount in the second step.

In certain embodiments, the subject has previously been treated for thearteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the subject isasymptomatic for the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments,the first sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated forthe arteriovascular disease and/or the second sample is taken from thesubject after being treated for the arteriovascular disease. In certainembodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjectswho have suffered from an arteriovascular event. In certain embodiments,the arteriovascular event includes plaque rupture, myocardialinfarction, unstable angina, blood clots of the leg, stroke, oraneurysm.

Aspects of the invention include methods for evaluating the risk of acardiovascular event for a subject. In certain embodiments, the methodcomprises measuring at least three component ARTERIORISKMARKERS for theindividual selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within thegroups consisting of Core Markers I, Core Markers II, TraditionalLaboratory Risk Factors, Clinical Parameters, Supplemental Markers I,and Supplemental Markers II, provided at least one componentARTERIORISKMARKER is selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERSwithin Core Markers I. In a further embodiment, the method comprises anycombination comprising at least two or more componentARTERIORISKMARKERS, providing at least two of such are selected fromwithin Core Markers I.

In certain aspects, we contemplate the use of POMC alone, while in otheraspects POMC is used with other markers. In some embodiments, POMC ismeasured by itself and in other embodiments, POMC is used with markersselected from the group comprising HDLC, VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL8, andLEP. In another embodiment, POMC is measured along with an additionalclinical parameter. In certain embodiments, the additional parametersare selected from Age or BMI. In another embodiment, the inventionincludes a kit comprising at least one reagent for the detection orquantification of POMC.

In a particular preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the useof four or more biomarkers from a given subject, with three or more ofsuch biomarkers measured in samples from the subject, and two or more ofsuch markers chosen from a set including angiogenin (ANG), CD40 moleculeaka TNF receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 akaCD26 (DPP4), interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST),proopiomelanocortin akaadrenocorticotropin/beta-lipotropin/alpha-melanocyte stimulatinghormone/beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-endorphin (POMC),vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), monocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 aka MCP-1 (CCL2), insulin-like growth factor 1 aka somatomedinC(IGF1), leptin (LEP), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), anda third or more additional biomarker measurements optionally chosen fromany of the subject's clinical parameters, traditional laboratory riskfactors (including, without limitation, any ARTERIORISKMARKERS or otherbiomarkers, identified herein), in the subject's sample. These four ormore biomarkers are combined together by a mathematical process orformula into a single number reflecting the subject's risk fordeveloping an arteriovascular event, or for use in selecting, tailoring,and monitoring effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions, suchas treatment of subjects with arteriovascular disease and riskmodulating drugs, for said conditions.

Another embodiment is a method of performance improvement to an existingcombination of biomarkers used in multi-biomarker global risk assessmentof a patient, and in particular combinations drawing three or morebiomarker from the combined groups of Traditional Laboratory RiskFactors and Clinical Parameters, wherein that improvement comprises theaddition of at least one, of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen from thegroups of Core Markers I or Core Markers 2, and the combination of theresults in a new analytical process. For example, the invention wouldcover the addition of POMC to the Framingham Risk Score, or of LEP to arisk factor counting algorithm for the multiple criterias definingmetabolic syndrome under NCEP ATP III, or other existing clinicalalgorithm using the three or more such biomarkers, including thecombination of Age, BMI, and CHOL, as well as the combination of suchmodifiable risk factors as LDL, HDLC, TRIG, CHOL, together with those ofSBP, DBP, and Glucose, where such was combined using an analyticalprocess.

Additional biomarkers beyond any of the starting amounts of biomarkerscited in these preceding preferred embodiments may also be added to thepanel from any of ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, andtraditional laboratory risk factors.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice of the present invention, suitable methods and materials aredescribed below. All publications, patent applications, patents, andother references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated byreference in their entirety. In cases of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative onlyand are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from andencompassed by the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following Detailed Description, given by way of example, but notintended to limit the invention to specific embodiments described, maybe understood in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, incorporatedherein by reference, in which:

FIG. 1 is a table containing key ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including clinicalparameters, traditional laboratory risk factors, and together with core,supplemental and additional biomarkers, that are used in the predictivemodels according to the present invention. These are identified based onthe commonly used gene symbol as described in the detailed descriptionon the invention.

FIGS. 2-1 and 2-2 are flow charts depicting ARTERIORISKMARKERpathophysiology and progression and biomarker functions, pathways andother categories over the spectrum of arteriovascular disease, includingnumerical references to the canonical molecular pathways as currentlylisted within the Kyoto University Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) web site. Such pathway diagrams listed at the KEGG web siteinclude references to each of the various biomarker participants withinthe given pathway, relating biomarkers both directly and indirectlyassociated with arteriovascular disease. These KEGG pathways aredepicted in the following FIGS. 2-A through 2-P.

FIGS. 2A-1 and 2A-2 are KEGG 4920, depicting the adipocytokine signalingpathway.

FIG. 2-B is KEGG 4910, depicting the insulin signaling pathway.

FIGS. 2C-1 to 2C-3 are KEGG 4060, depicting cytokine-cytokine receptorinteraction pathways.

FIGS. 2D-1 to 2D-3 are KEGG 4514, depicting pathways and interactionsbetween cell adhesion molecules.

FIGS. 2E-1 and 2E-2 are KEGG 4670, depicting leukocyte transendothelialmigration pathways.

FIGS. 2F-1 and 2F-2 are KEGG 4660, which depicts the T-cell receptorsignaling pathway.

FIGS. 2G-1 and 2G-2 are KEGG 4370, depicting the vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway.

FIGS. 2H-1 and 2H-2 are KEGG 4110, which depicts pathways involved inthe cell cycle.

FIGS. 2I-1 to 2I-3 are KEGG 4010, depicting mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

FIGS. 2J-1 to 2J-3 are KEGG 4210 and depicts pathways involved inapoptosis.

FIGS. 2K-1 and 2K-2 are KEGG 4020, depicting the calcium signalingpathway.

FIGS. 2L-1 and 2L-2 are KEGG 4610, and depicts the complement andcoagulation cascades.

FIGS. 2M-1 and 2M-2 are KEGG 4512, depicting interactions between theextracellular matrix (ECM) and their receptors.

FIGS. 2N-1 to 2N-3 are KEGG 0564, which depicts pathways involved inglycerophospholipid metabolism.

FIGS. 2O-1 to 2O-3 are KEGG 0590, depicting pathways involved inarachidonic acid metabolism.

FIGS. 2P-1 to 2P-3 are KEGG 4810 and depicts pathways involved inregulation of the actin cytoskeleton.

FIG. 3 is a table detailing the clinical study design of the variousExamples given, showing the design and study subject clinicalcharacteristics, both excluding stroke events (Cases per Example 1,n=26) and including stroke events (Cases per Example 2, n=33) within theCase (Converter to Arteriovascular Events) arms, and for the Control(Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) arm shared for bothExamples.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are tables summarizing the measured values and variancesof certain selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS studied within the Examplesgiven, including their concentration or other measurement units,mathematical normalization transformations (used in model formula andmulti-biomarker index construction), transformed mean and standarddeviation values, and back-transformed (raw) mean biomarkerconcentration or other value as measured for both the Total Cases(Converter to Arteriovascular Events, n=33) and Total Controls(Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) of the Examples, as wellas a comparison of the mean values with a statistical p-value given,using a two-tailed t-test for the null hypothesis (the probability thatmeans are equal).

FIGS. 5A to 5F are tables further dividing the Cases cohort intosub-groupings based on the event type and, for the non-stroke subjects,based on the time elapsed from the baseline entry date to the study(also the sample collection date for the samples tested forARTERIORISKMARKERS) to the earliest arteriovascular event date. Thetable also provides the measured means and variances for each sub-groupas otherwise described in FIG. 4 applying the same summary statistics,additionally providing statistical p-values for a one-way Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA) and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance(KW). Several markers show statistically significant differences acrossthe sub-groups, indicating an ability to both distinguish stroke fromother arteriovascular events and also to distinguish between early andlate converters to arteriovascular events.

FIG. 6 is a chart depicting the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC)curve of a global risk assessment index according to the Framinghammodel for risk of future cardiovascular events, as measured andcalculated for the Example 1 populations (sensitivity and specificity ofthe Framingham model to cardiovascular events excluding stroke patientsfrom the analysis) and with the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic of0.61 calculated and shown in the legend.

FIG. 7 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted lineardiscrimant analysis (LDA) models for risk of future arteriovascularevents, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations,starting with a single ARTERIORISKMARKER clinical parameter (Age) ROCcurve, then adding an additional ARTERIORISKMARKER (POMC, HDLC, and BMI)and reoptimizing the model at each subsequent ROC curve, with the AUCcalculated and shown in the legend for each step. These increasing curveAUCs demonstrate the additional discrimination value imparted by theadditional marker, increasing from 0.72 to 0.82.

FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a seven biomarker fittedLDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured andcalculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated andshown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from a grouplimited to blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS as its sole parameters, andincluded POMC, HDLC, VEGF, LEP, IL6ST, Ins120, and IGF1 as inputs, witha calculated AUC of 0.8.

FIG. 9 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a nine biomarker fittedLDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured andcalculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated andshown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from thecomplete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinicalparameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and included Age, POMC, HDLC, CCL2, BMI,VEGF, IL18, IL6ST, EGF, with a calculated AUC of 0.88.

FIG. 10 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from theExample 1 study populations. This continues through 53 selectedARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selectedblood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). Asuperimposed line shows the parallel changes in Akaike's InformationCriterion (AIC), a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimatedstatistical model which trades off model complexity (size in totalnumber of ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs) against how well the model fits thedata (a lower AIC is relatively better than a higher one).

FIG. 11 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from theExample 1 study populations. This continues through 61ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selectedblood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AICis included as in the previous chart.

FIG. 12 is a table summarizing the complete enumeration of fitted LDAmodels for all single, two, three, and four ARTERIORISKMARKERcombinations possible from a starting set of 61 selectedARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both blood-bourne analytes and clinicalparameters. The table indicates first the total possible panelcombinations, which expands from 61 for single ARTERIORISKMARKERS to521,855 for four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations. It then gives thenumber of combinations which produce fitted LDA models that achieve anequal or greater AUC than that shown as the hurdle in the leftmostcolumn of the table (all as calculated in the populations of Example 1).For example, in the row indicated 0.75, from all possible twoARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (1,830 combinations), only 2 combinations(0.11% of the total two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible)resulted in a fitted LDA model that equalled or exceeded an AUC of 0.75,while only 198 three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (0.55% of 35,990possible three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations) resulted in fitted LDAmodels exceeding the same hurdle, and so on. No single markers reachedthis hurdle; in fact, in the data set used only Age and POMC equaled orexceeded an AUC of 0.65.

FIGS. 13A to 13D are tables listing all 200 individual two markercombinations (10.93% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible)achieving an AUC of 0.65 or better according to the analysis summarizedpreviously.

FIGS. 14A to 14TT list all 2,573 individual three marker combinations(7.15% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible) achieving anAUC of 0.70 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.

FIGS. 15A to 15FFFFFF list all 8,153 individual four marker combinations(1.56% out of a total 521,855 unique combinations possible) achieving anAUC of 0.75 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.

FIG. 16 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted fullmodels, utilizing the best model of any type by achieved ROC curve(chosen from model types including LDA (multiple selection and modelsize criteria), SVM (Random Forest, Top Kruskal-Wallis), and ELDA(multiple thresholds)) for risk of future arteriovascular events, asmeasured and calculated for the Example 1 populations. This chartencompasses models selected from three different overlapping subsets ofARTERIORISKMARKERS from a total set of 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS.One subset encompassed all “Clinical Marker” ARTERIORISKMARKERS,including both the non-analyte clinical parameters as well as only theblood-bourne traditional laboratory risk factors most commonly used incurrent global risk assessment models: CHOL, HDLC, LDL, HBA1C, Glucose,and Insulin; it achieved a maximum AUC of 0.82. Another group includedonly the “Blood-Bourne Markers” analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS withoutnon-analyte clinical parameters; it achieved an ROC of 0.86. The finalset included all 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS; it achieved an AUC of0.92. This analysis demonstrates selected use of blood-bourneARTERIORISKMARKERS imparts incremental information even to the full setof standard clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors.

FIG. 17 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best blood-bourneARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from only the blood-borneARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.86 as shown in thelegend.

FIG. 18 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best totalARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from all 61 possibleARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.90 as shown in thelegend.

FIGS. 19A to 19D provide information on the inputs used under differentARTERIORISKMARKER model types and selection techniques, with resulting“best” models given model design and constraints, within both of thedifferent case populations of Example 1 (excluding stroke from the Casearm) and Example 2 (including stroke in the Case arm). Of particularnote is the consistency of selection of certain markers, which are theCore Markers of the invention, across three or more model types,multiple model constraints, and marker selection techniques.

FIG. 20 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from theExample 2 study populations. This continues through 53 selectedARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selectedblood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). The AICis included as in the previous charts.

FIG. 21 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from theExample 2 study populations. This continues through 61ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selectedblood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AICis included as in the previous charts.

Differences in marker selection using the same models and markerselection criteria across the different cohorts excluding versusincluding stroke converters, and amongst the markers when restricted toblood-bourne markers only versus allowed to select all variables, maydemonstrate both the substitutability of certain biomarkers, wheremultiple solutions to the model optimization are likely, and the impactof population and diagnostic indication/intended use on the best fittedmodels. Several techniques of result normalization, modelcross-validation, and model calibration are disclosed herein which maybe employed in various scenarios as appropriate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the identification of biomarkersassociated with subjects having an arteriovascular disease such asatherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, and CVD, are predisposed toor at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease or are predisposedto or at risk of experiencing an acute arteriovascular event.Accordingly, the invention provides methods for identifying subjects whohave an arteriovascular disease, or who are predisposed to or at riskfor experiencing an arteriovascular event by the detection of biomarkersassociated with an arteriovascular disease, including those subjects whoare asymptomatic for an arteriovascular disease. These biomarkers arealso useful for monitoring subjects undergoing treatments and therapiesfor an arteriovascular disease, and for selecting or modifying therapiesand treatments that would be efficacious in subjects having anarteriovascular disease, wherein selection and use of such treatmentsand therapies slow the progression of an arteriovascular disease, orsubstantially delay or prevent its onset, or reduce or prevent theincidence of arteriovascular events.

Definitions

“Accuracy” refers to the degree of conformity of a measured orcalculated quantity (a test reported value) to its actual (or true)value. Clinical accuracy relates to the proportion of true outcomes(true positives (TP) or true negatives (TN) versus misclassifiedoutcomes (false positives (FP) or false negatives (FN)), and may bestated as a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV)or negative predictive values (NPV), or as a likelihood, odds ratio,among other measures.

As used herein, “atherosclerosis” and “atherothrombosis” refer tosystemic inflammatory disease states associated with complexinflammatory responses to multifaceted vascular pathologies involvinginflammatory activation of the endothelium, inflammatory leukocytes as asource of thrombogenic stimuli, smooth muscle cells as a source ofprocoagulants and amplifier of the inflammatory response duringthrombosis, and platelets as mediators of inflammation. Arteries hardenand narrow due to buildup of a material called “plaque” on their innerwalls. As the plaque develops and increases in size, the insides of thearteries get narrower (“stenosis”) and less blood can flow through them.Stenosis or plaque rupture may cause partial or complete occlusion ofthe affected vasculature. Tissues supplied by the vasculature are thusdeprived of their source of oxygenation (ischemia) and cell death(necrosis) can occur.

“Arteriovascular disease” as defined herein is a general term used toclassify numerous conditions affecting the heart, heart valves, blood,and vasculature of the body and encompasses any disease affecting theheart or blood vessels, including, but not limited to, MetabolicSyndrome, Syndrome X, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis,atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease,arrhythmia, angina pectoris (stable and unstable), cardiomyopathy,congestive heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock,endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches (such as aorticstenosis), peripheral artery disease, peripheral vascular disease,cerebrovascular disease, and congenital heart disease, and including,without limitation, any acute ischemic arteriovascular event.Arteriovascular disease as used herein is meant to most commonly referto the ischemic or pro-ischemic disease, rather than generally tonon-ischemic disease.

“Arteriovascular event” is used interchangeably herein with the term“acute arteriovascular event”, “cardiac event”, or “cardiovascularevent” and refers to sudden cardiac death, acute coronary syndromes suchas, but not limited to, plaque rupture, myocardial infarction, unstableangina, as well as non-cardiac acute arteriovascular events such asblood clots of the leg, aneurysms, stroke and other arteriovascularischemic events where arteriovascular blood flow and oxygenation isinterrupted.

“Biomarker” in the context of the present invention encompasses, withoutlimitation, proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, together withtheir polymorphisms, mutations, variants, modifications, subunits,fragments, protein-ligand complexes, and degradation products,protein-ligand complexes, elements, related metabolites, and otheranalytes or sample-derived measures. Biomarkers can also include mutatedproteins or mutated nucleic acids. Biomarkers also encompass non-bloodborne factors or non-analyte physiological markers of health status,such as “clinical parameters” defined herein, as well as “traditionallaboratory risk factors”, also defined herein. Biomarkers also includeany calculated indices created mathematically or combinations of any oneor more of the foregoing measurements, including temporal trends anddifferences. The term “analyte” as used herein can mean any substance tobe measured and can encompass electrolytes and elements, such ascalcium.

Where available, and unless otherwise described herein, biomarkers whichare gene products are identified based on the official letterabbreviation or gene symbol assigned by the international Human GenomeOrganization Naming Committee (HGNC) and listed at the date of thisfiling at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene), also knownas Entrez Gene.

“CAD” or “coronary′ artery disease” is an arteriovascular disease whichoccurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle (thecoronary arteries) become calcified and/or narrowed. Eventually, bloodflow to the heart muscle is reduced, and, because blood carriesmuch-needed oxygen, the heart muscle is not able to receive the amountof oxygen it needs, and often undergoes necrosis. CAD encompassesdisease states such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardialinfarction (heart attack), angina (stable and unstable), andatherosclerosis and atherothrombosis that occurs in the blood vesselsthat supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. An estimated 13 millionAmericans are currently diagnosed with CAD, with approximately 7 millionbeing the survivors of past acute events. Over 1 million new acute CADevents occur each year, many resulting in death. The lifetime risk ofCAD after age 40 is 49 percent for men and 32 percent for women.

Subjects who are deemed clinically to be at low risk or no risk fordeveloping arteriovascular disease such as CAD often exhibit none or fewof the traditional risk factors for the arteriovascular disease, butnevertheless may still be at risk for an acute arteriovascular event.Approximately 20% of all acute CAD events occur in subjects with none ofthe traditional risk factors, and the majority of all acute CAD occur insubjects who have not been previously diagnosed with CAD. Often thesesubjects do not exhibit the symptoms of an acute CAD event, i.e.shortness of breath and/or chest pain, until the actual occurrence ofsuch an acute event. A substantial detection gap remains for those whoare at risk for an acute CAD event yet are asymptomatic, withouttraditional risk factors, or are currently deemed clinically to be atlow risk and have not yet been diagnosed with CAD.

“ARTERIORISKMARKER” OR “ARTERIORISKMARKERS” encompass one or more of allbiomarkers whose levels are changed in subjects who have anarteriovascular disease or are predisposed to developing anarteriovascular disease, or at risk of an arteriovascular event.

Individual analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS are summarized in Table 2and are collectively referred to herein as, inter alia, “arteriovascularevent risk-associated proteins”, “ARTERIORISKMARKER polypeptides”, or“ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins”. The corresponding nucleic acids encodingthe polypeptides are referred to as “cardiac event risk-associatednucleic acids”, “cardiac event risk-associated genes”,“ARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids”, or “ARTERIORISKMARKER genes”. Unlessindicated otherwise, “ARTERIORISKMARKER”, “cardiac event risk-associatedproteins”, “cardiac event risk-associated nucleic acids” are meant torefer to any of the sequences disclosed herein. The correspondingmetabolites of the ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins or nucleic acids can alsobe measured, as well as any of the aforementioned traditional riskmarker metabolites previously disclosed, including, without limitation,such metabolites as total cholesterol (CHOL), LDL, HDLC, cholesterolsub-fractions, and glucose, herein referred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKERmetabolites”.

Non-analyte physiological markers of health status (e.g., such as age,diastolic or systolic blood pressure, body-mass index, and othernon-analyte measurements commonly used as traditional risk factors) arereferred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKER physiology”. Calculated indicescreated from mathematically combining measurements of one or more,preferably two or more of the aforementioned classes ofARTERIORISKMARKERS are referred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKER indices”.

“Clinical parameters” encompasses all non-sample or non-analytebiomarkers of subject health status or other characteristics, such as,without limitation, age (Age), ethnicity (RACE), gender (Sex), diastolicblood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), family history(FamHX), height (HT), weight (WT), waist (Waist) and hip (Hip)circumference, body-mass index (BMI), as well as others such as Type Ior Type II Diabetes Mellitus or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DM orGDM, collectively referred to here as Diabetes), and resting heart rate.

“CVD” or “cerebrovascular disease” is an arteriovascular disease in theblood vessels that feed oxygen-rich blood to the face and brain, such asatherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. This term is often used todescribe “hardening” of the carotid arteries, which supply the brainwith blood. It is a common comorbid disease with CAD and/or PAD. It isalso referred to as an ischemic disease, or a disease that causes a lackof blood flow. CVD encompasses disease states such as “cerebrovascularischemia,” “acute cerebral infarction,” “stroke,” “ischemic stroke,”“hemorrhagic stroke,” “aneurysm,” “mild cognitive impairment (MCI)” and“transient ischemic attacks” (TIA). Ischemic CVD is believed to closelyrelated to CAD and PAD; non-ischemic CVD may have multiplepathophysiologies. An estimated 5 million Americans are the survivors ofpast diagnosed acute CVD events, with an estimated 700 thousand acuteCVD events occurring each year. As disclosed herein, subjects deemed tobe at low risk or no risk of CVD based on clinical assessments oftraditional arteriovascular disease risk factors, or without symptomssuch as TIAs, MCI or severe headache, may still be at risk for an acuteCVD event.

“FN” is false negative, which for a disease state test means classifyinga disease subject incorrectly as non-disease or normal.

“FP” is false positive, which for a disease state test means classifyinga normal subject incorrectly as having disease.

A “formula,” “algorithm,” or “model” is any mathematical equation,algorithmic, analytical or programmed process, or statistical techniquethat takes one or more continuous or categorical inputs (herein called“parameters”) and calculates an output value, sometimes referred to asan “index” or “index value.” Non-limiting examples of “formulas” includesums, ratios, and regression operators, such as coefficients orexponents, biomarker value transformations and normalizations(including, without limitation, those normalization schemes based onclinical parameters, such as gender, age, or ethnicity), rules andguidelines, statistical classification models, and neural networkstrained on historical populations. Of particular use in combiningARTERIORISKMARKERS and other biomarkers are linear and non-linearequations and statistical classification analyses to determine therelationship between levels of ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in a subjectsample and the subject's risk of arteriovascular disease. In panel andcombination construction, of particular interest are structural andsynactic statistical classification algorithms, and methods of riskindex construction, utilizing pattern recognition features, includingestablished techniques such as cross-correlation, Principal ComponentsAnalysis (PCA), factor rotation, Logistic Regression (Log Reg), LinearDiscriminant Analysis (LDA), Eigengene Linear Discriminant Analysis(ELDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), RecursivePartitioning Tree (RPART), as well as other related decision treeclassification techniques, Shrunken Centroids (SC), StepAIC, Kth-NearestNeighbor, Boosting, Decision Trees, Neural Networks, Bayesian Networks,Support Vector Machines, and Hidden Markov Models, among others. Othertechniques may be used in survival and time to event hazard analysis,including Cox, Weibull, Kaplan-Meier and Greenwood models well known tothose of skill in the art. Many of these techniques are useful eithercombined with a ARTERIORISKMARKER selection technique, such as forwardselection, backwards selection, or stepwise selection, completeenumeration of all potential panels of a given size, genetic algorithms,or they may themselves include biomarker selection methodologies intheir own technique. These may be coupled with information criteria,such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) or Bayes InformationCriterion (BIC), in order to quantify the tradeoff between additionalbiomarkers and model improvement, and to aid in minimizing overfit. Theresulting predictive models may be validated in other studies, orcross-validated in the study they were originally trained in, using suchtechniques as Bootstrap, Leave-One-Out (LOO) and 10-Foldcross-validation (10-Fold CV). At various steps, false discovery ratesmay be estimated by value permutation according to techniques known inthe art. A “health economic utility function” is a formula that isderived from a combination of the expected probability of a range ofclinical outcomes in an idealized applicable patient population, bothbefore and after the introduction of a diagnostic or therapeuticintervention into the standard of care. It encompasses estimates of theaccuracy, effectiveness and performance characteristics of suchintervention, and a cost and/or value measurement (a utility) associatedwith each outcome, which may be derived from actual health system costsof care (services, supplies, devices and drugs, etc.) and/or as anestimated acceptable value per quality adjusted life year (QALY)resulting in each outcome. The sum, across all predicted outcomes, ofthe product of the predicted population size for an outcome multipliedby the respective outcome's expected utility is the total healtheconomic utility of a given standard of care. The difference between (i)the total health economic utility calculated for the standard of carewith the intervention versus (ii) the total health economic utility forthe standard of care without the intervention results in an overallmeasure of the health economic cost or value of the intervention. Thismay itself be divided amongst the entire patient group being analyzed(or solely amongst the intervention group) to arrive at a cost per unitintervention, and to guide such decisions as market positioning,pricing, and assumptions of health system acceptance. Such healtheconomic utility functions are commonly used to compare thecost-effectiveness of the intervention, but may also be transformed toestimate the acceptable value per QALY the health care system is willingto pay, or the acceptable cost-effective clinical performancecharacteristics required of a new intervention.

For diagnostic (or prognostic) interventions of the invention, as eachoutcome (which in a disease classifying diagnostic test may be a TP, FP,TN, or FN) bears a different cost, a health economic utility functionmay preferentially favor sensitivity over specificity, or PPV over NPVbased on the clinical situation and individual outcome costs and value,and thus provides another measure of health economic performance andvalue which may be different from more direct clinical or analyticalperformance measures. These different measurements and relativetrade-offs generally will converge only in the case of a perfect test,with zero error rate (a.k.a., zero predicted subject outcomemisclassifications or FP and FN), which all performance measures willfavor over imperfection, but to differing degrees.

“Measuring” or “measurement,” or alternatively “detecting” or“detection,” means assessing the presence, absence, quantity or amount(which can be an effective amount) of either a given substance within aclinical or subject-derived sample, including the derivation ofqualitative or quantitative concentration levels of such substances, orotherwise evaluating the values or categorization of a subject'snon-analyte clinical parameters.

“Negative predictive value” or “NPV” is calculated by TN/(TN FN) or thetrue negative fraction of all negative test results. It also isinherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-testprobability of the population intended to be tested. See, e.g.,O'Marcaigh A S, Jacobson R M, “Estimating The Predictive Value Of ADiagnostic Test, How To Prevent Misleading Or Confusing Results,” Clin.Ped. 1993, 32(8): 485-491, which discusses specificity, sensitivity, andpositive and negative predictive values of a test, e.g., a clinicaldiagnostic test. Often, for binary disease state classificationapproaches using a continuous diagnostic test measurement, thesensitivity and specificity is summarized by Receiver OperatingCharacteristics (ROC) curves according to Pepe et al, “Limitations ofthe Odds Ratio in Gauging the Performance of a Diagnostic, Prognostic,or Screening Marker,” Am. J. Epidemiol 2004, 159 (9): 882-890, andsummarized by the Area Under the Curve (AUC) or c-statistic, anindicator that allows representation of the sensitivity and specificityof a test, assay, or method over the entire range of test (or assay) cutpoints with just a single value. See also, e.g., Shultz, “ClinicalInterpretation Of Laboratory Procedures,” chapter 14 in Teitz,Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Burtis and Ashwood (eds.), 4.sup.thedition 1996, W.B. Saunders Company, pages 192-199; and Zweig et al.,“ROC Curve Analysis: An Example Showing The Relationships Among SerumLipid And Apolipoprotein Concentrations In Identifying Subjects WithCoronory Artery Disease,” Clin. Chem., 1992, 38(8): 1425-1428. Analternative approach using likelihood functions, odds ratios,information theory, predictive values, calibration (includinggoodness-of-fit), and reclassification measurements is summarizedaccording to Cook, “Use and Misuse of the Receiver OperatingCharacteristic Curve in Risk Prediction,” Circulation 2007, 115:928-935.

Finally, hazard ratios and absolute and relative risk ratios withinsubject cohorts defined by a test are a further measurement of clinicalaccuracy and utility. Multiple methods are frequently used to definingabnormal or disease values, including reference limits, discriminationlimits, and risk thresholds as per Vasan, “Biomarkers of CardiovascularDisease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations,” Circulation2006, 113: 2335-2362.

Analytical accuracy refers to the reproducibility and predictability ofthe measurement process itself, and may be summarized in suchmeasurements as coefficients of variation, and tests of concordance andcalibration of the same samples or controls with different times, users,equipment and/or reagents. These and other considerations in evaluatingnew biomarkers are also summarized in Vasan, 2006.

“PAD” or “peripheral artery disease” encompasses disease states such asatherosclerosis and atherothrombosis that occur outside the heart andbrain. It is a common comorbid disease with CAD. Subjects who are deemedto be at low risk or no risk of PAD based upon an assessment oftraditional risk factors of PAD (or arteriovascular disease), or who areasymptomatic for PAD or an arteriovascular disease may nevertheless beat risk for an arteriovascular event, even in the absence ofclaudication. Claudication can be defined as pain or discomfort in themuscles of the legs occurring due to a decreased amount of blood flowingto a muscle from narrowing of the peripheral arteries, producingischemia and often arterial occlusion, causing skeletal muscle and limbnecrosis. The pain or discomfort often occurs when walking anddissipates under resting conditions (intermittent claudication). Pain,tightness, cramping, tiredness or weakness is often experienced as aresult of claudication. An estimated 8 to 12 million Americans areestimated to have PAD, but only 25% or less are currently diagnosed andtreated.

PAD not only causes the hemodynamic alterations common in CAD, but alsoresults in metabolic changes in skeletal muscle. When PAD has progressedto severe chronic and acute peripheral arterial occlusion, surgery andlimb amputation often become the sole therapeutic options. PAD is widelyconsidered to be an underdiagnosed disease, with the majority ofconfirmed diagnoses occurring only after symptoms are manifested, oronly with other arteriovascular disease, and irreversiblearteriovascular damage due to such ischemic events has already occurred.

“Performance” is a term that relates to the overall usefulness andquality of a diagnostic or prognostic test, including, among others,clinical and analytical accuracy, other analytical and processcharacteristics, such as use characteristics (e.g., stability, ease ofuse), health economic value, and relative costs of components of thetest. Any of these factors may be the source of superior performance andthus usefulness of the test, and may be measured by appropriate“performance metrics,” such as AUC, time to result, shelf life, etc. asrelevant.

“Positive predictive value” or “PPV” is calculated by TP/(TP.+−.FP) orthe true positive fraction of all positive test results. It isinherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-testprobability of the population intended to be tested.

“Risk” in the context of the present invention, relates to theprobability that an event will occur over a specific time period, as inthe conversion to arteriovascular events, and can mean a subject's“absolute” risk or “relative” risk. Absolute risk can be measured withreference to either actual observation post-measurement for the relevanttime cohort, or with reference to index values developed fromstatistically valid historical cohorts that have been followed for therelevant time period. Relative risk refers to the ratio of absoluterisks of a subject compared either to the absolute risks of low riskcohorts or an average population risk, which can vary by how clinicalrisk factors are assessed. Odds ratios, the proportion of positiveevents to negative events for a given test result, are also commonlyused (odds are according to the formula p/(1-p) where p is theprobability of event and (1-p) is the probability of no event) tono-conversion. Alternative continuous measures which may be assessed inthe context of the present invention include time to arteriovasculardisease conversion and therapeutic arteriovascular disease conversionrisk reduction ratios.

“Risk evaluation,” or “evaluation of risk” in the context of the presentinvention encompasses making a prediction of the probability, odds, orlikelihood that an event or disease state may occur, the rate ofoccurrence of the event or conversion from one disease state to another,i.e., from a normal condition to an arteriovascular condition or to oneat risk of developing an arteriovascular event, or from at risk of anarteriovascular event to a more stable arteriovascular condition. Riskevaluation can also comprise prediction of future clinical parameters,traditional laboratory risk factor values, or other indices ofarteriovascular disease, such as coronary calcium scores, other imagingor treadmill scores, passive or provocative testing results,arteriovasculature percentage stenosis or occlusion and othermeasurements of plaque burden and activity, either in absolute orrelative terms in reference to a previously measured population. Themethods of the present invention may be used to make continuous orcategorical measurements of the risk of conversion to arteriovasculardisease and events, thus diagnosing and defining the risk spectrum of acategory of subjects defined as being at risk for an arteriovascularevent. In the categorical scenario, the invention can be used todiscriminate between normal and other subject cohorts at higher risk forarteriovascular events. In other embodiments, the present invention maybe used so as to discriminate those at risk for developing anarteriovascular event from those having arteriovascular disease, orthose having arteriovascular disease from normal. Such differing use mayrequire different ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations and individualizedpanels, mathematical algorithms, and/or cut-off points, but be subjectto the same aforementioned measurements of accuracy and performance forthe respective intended use.

A “sample” in the context of the present invention is a biologicalsample isolated from a subject and can include, by way of example andnot limitation, whole blood, serum, plasma, blood cells, endothelialcells, tissue biopsies, lymphatic fluid, ascites fluid, interstitialfluid (also known as “extracellular fluid” and encompasses the fluidfound in spaces between cells, including, inter alia, gingivalcrevicular fluid), bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva,mucous, sputum, sweat, urine, or any other secretion, excretion, orother bodily fluids.

“Sensitivity” is calculated by TP/(TP−FFN) or the true positive fractionof disease subjects.

“Specificity” is calculated by TN/(TN+FP) or the true negative fractionof non-disease or normal subjects.

By “statistically significant”, it is meant that the alteration isgreater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone (whichcould be a “false positive”). Statistical significance can be determinedby any method known in the art. Commonly used measures of significanceinclude the p-value, which presents the probability of obtaining aresult at least as extreme as a given data point, assuming the datapoint was the result of chance alone. A result is often consideredhighly significant at a p-value of 0.05 or less.

A “subject” in the context of the present invention is preferably amammal. The mammal can be a human, non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog,cat, horse, or cow, but are not limited to these examples. Mammals otherthan humans can be advantageously used as subjects that represent animalmodels of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. A subjectcan be male or female. A subject can be one who has been previouslydiagnosed or identified as having arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event, and optionally has already undergone, or isundergoing, a therapeutic intervention for the arteriovascular diseaseor arteriovascular event. Alternatively, a subject can also be one whohas not been previously diagnosed as having arteriovascular disease. Forexample, a subject can be one who exhibits one or more risk factors forarteriovascular disease, or a subject who does not exhibitarteriovascular risk factors, or a subject who is asymptomatic forarteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. A subject can also beone who is suffering from or at risk of developing arteriovasculardisease or an arteriovascular event.

“TN” is true negative, which for a disease state test means classifyinga non-disease or normal subject correctly.

“TP” is true positive, which for a disease state test means correctlyclassifying a disease subject.

“Traditional laboratory risk factors” correspond to biomarkers isolatedor derived from subject samples and which are currently evaluated in theclinical laboratory and used in traditional global risk assessmentalgorithms, such as those from the San Antonio Heart Study, theFramingham Heart Study, and the National Cholesterol Education ProgramExpert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BloodCholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), also known asNCEP/ATP III. Traditional laboratory risk factors commonly tested fromsubject blood samples include, but are not limited to, total cholesterol(CHOL), LDL (LDL), HDL (HDLC), VLDL (VLDL), triglycerides (TRIG),glucose, insulin and hemoglobin Alc (HBA1C). Glucose as used hereinincludes, without limitation, fasting glucose (Glucose) as well asglucose levels taken during and after the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), such as 120 minute Glucose (herein labeled “Gluc120”). Insulin(INS) as used herein includes, without limitation, fasting insulin(Insulin) and insulin levels taken during and after the OGTT, such as120 minute Insulin (herein labeled “Ins120”), as well as insulin'sprecursors (such as pro-insulin) and their cleavage products such assoluble c-peptide (SCp). Traditional laboratory risk factors are alsounderstood to encompass those ARTERIORISKMARKERS frequently tested inthose at risk of arteriovascular or other thrombotic diseases,specifically including, without limitation, fibrinogen (FGA),lipoprotein (a) (LPA), c-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, andhomocysteine.

Methods and Uses of the Invention

The methods disclosed herein are used with subjects at risk forexperiencing an arteriovascular event, subjects who may or may not havealready been diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease, and subjectsundergoing treatment and/or therapies for an arteriovascular disease.The methods of the present invention can also be used to monitor orselect a treatment regimen for a subject who has an arteriovasculardisease, and to screen subjects who have not been previously diagnosedas having an arteriovascular disease, such as subjects who exhibit riskfactors for an arteriovascular disease, or to assess a subject's futurerisk of an arteriovascular event, Preferably, the methods of the presentinvention are used to identify and/or diagnose subjects who areasymptomatic for an arteriovascular disease. “Asymptomatic” means notexhibiting the traditional symptoms, including chest pain and shortnessof breath for CAD, claudication for PAD, and TIAs, MCI and severeheadache for CVD.

The methods of the present invention may also used to identify and/ordiagnose subjects already at higher risk of arteriovascular diseasebased on solely on the traditional risk factors including, withoutlimitation, gender; race, wherein the chances of developing anarteriovascular disease can be greater in certain ethnic groups; familyhistory, wherein risk of developing an arteriovascular disease isthought to be due, in part, to genetics. Other traditional risk factorsfor developing an arteriovascular disease include cigarette smoking,elevated systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) akahypertension, elevated serum total (CHOL) and LDL cholesterol levels,low serum HDL cholesterol (HDLG), diabetes mellitus (Diabetes),advancing age, obesity, physical inactivity, abnormal blood glucose(Glucose, Gluc120) and insulin (Insulin, Ins120, SCp) levels, elevatedserum triglyceride (TRIG) levels, small LDL particles, elevated serumhomocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein (a) (LPA), prothromboticfactors such as fibrinogen (FGA), and inflammatory markers, such asC-reactive protein (CRP). Each of these may be used as an input variableand/or ARTERIORISKMARKER to multiple-ARTERIORISKMARKER models of theinvention.

A subject having an arteriovascular disease such as atherosclerosis,atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD can be identified by measuring theamounts (including the presence or absence) of an effective number(which can be two or more) of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derivedsample and the amounts are then compared to a reference value.Alterations in the amounts and patterns of expression of biomarkers,such as proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and polynucleotides,polymorphisms of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, andpolynucleotides, mutated proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, andpolynucleotides, or alterations in the molecular quantities ofmetabolites or other analytes (such as elemental calcium) in the subjectsample compared to the reference value are then identified.

A reference value can be relative to a number or value derived frompopulation studies, including without limitation, such subjects havingsimilar body mass index, total cholesterol levels, LDL/HDL levels,systolic or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of the same or similarage range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects havingfamily histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, or CAD, PAD, orCVD, or relative to the starting sample of a subject undergoingtreatment for an arteriovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis,atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, Such reference values can be derivedfrom statistical analyses and/or risk prediction data of populationsobtained from mathematical algorithms and computed indices ofarteriovascular disease, such as but not limited to, algorithms reportedin the Framingham Study, NCEP/ATP III, among others. ReferenceARTERIORISKMARKER indices can also be constructed and used usingalgorithms and other methods of statistical and structuralclassification.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reference value is theamount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a control sample derived from one ormore subjects who are both asymptomatic and lack traditional riskfactors for an arteriovascular disease. Such subjects who lacktraditional risk factors for an arteriovascular disease can be verifiedas those subjects having a serum cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dl,systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 120 mm Hg, diastolic bloodpressure less than or equal to 80 mm Hg, non-current smoker, no historyof diagnosed diabetes, no previously diagnosed acute coronary syndromeor hypertension, among other aforementioned other risk factors, or canbe verified by another invasive or non-invasive diagnostic test ofarteriovascular disease known in the art, such as but not limited to,electrocardiogram (ECG), carotid B-mode ultrasound (for intima-medialthickness measurement), electron beam computed tomography (EBCT),coronary calcium scoring, multi-slice high resolution computedtomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, stress exercise testing,angiography, intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS), other contrast and/orradioisotopic imaging techniques, or other provocative testingtechniques. In a further embodiment, such subjects are monitored and/orperiodically retested for a diagnostically relevant period of time(“longitudinal studies”) following such test to verify continued absencefrom arteriovascular disease or acute arteriovascular events (disease orevent free survival). Such period of time may be one year, two years,two to five years, five years, five to ten years, ten years, or ten ormore years from the initial testing date for determination of thereference value. Furthermore, retrospective measurement ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in properly banked historical subject samples may beused in establishing these reference values, thus shortening the studytime required, presuming the subjects have been appropriately followedduring the intervening period through the intended horizon of theproduct claim.

A reference value can also comprise the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERSderived from subjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular riskfactors as a result of treatments and/or therapies for arteriovasculardiseases. Such improvements include a reduction in body mass index, areduction in total cholesterol, a reduction in LDL levels, an increasein HDLC levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure,or other aforementioned risk factor or combinations thereof. A referencevalue can also comprise the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS derived fromsubjects who have confirmed disease by one of the above invasive ornon-invasive techniques, or are at high risk for developing anarteriovascular event, or who are at high risk for developing anatherosclerotic or atherothrombotic plaque rupture, or who have sufferedfrom an arteriovascular event or plaque rupture.

A subject predisposed to developing an arteriovascular disease such asatherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, or at increasedrisk of experiencing an arteriovascular event can be identified bymeasuring the levels of an effective amount (which may be two or more)of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derived sample and the levels arethen compared to a reference value. Alterations in the level ofexpression of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and polynucleotides,polymorphisms of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, andpolynucleotides, or alterations in the molecular quantities ofmetabolites or other analytes in the subject sample compared to thereference value are then identified.

A reference value can be relative to a number or value derived frompopulation studies including without limitation, such subjects havingthe same or similar arteriovascular risk factors, which includeatherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis risk factors, such as similarbody mass index or similar total cholesterol levels, similar LDL/HDLClevels, similar blood glucose levels, similar systolic or diastolicblood pressure, subjects of the same or similar age range, subjects inthe same or similar ethnic group, subjects having family histories ofatherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, or CAD, PAD, or CVD, subjects whoexhibit similar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or relative to avalue obtained from a starting sample of a subject undergoing treatmentfor an arteriovascular disease, subjects who have shown improvement inarteriovascular risk factors as a result of treatment for thearteriovascular disease, or subjects who are not at risk or at low riskfor developing an arteriovascular disease, or subjects who areasymptomatic for arteriovascular disease.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the reference value is theamount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a control sample derived from one ormore subjects who are not at risk or at low risk for developing anarteriovascular disease, or subjects who are asymptomatic forarteriovascular disease. Such subjects who are not at risk or at lowrisk for developing an arteriovascular disease, or who are asymptomaticfor arteriovascular disease can be verified by comparing the riskfactors of the subjects against a number derived from longitudinalstudies of subjects from which the likelihood of arteriovascular diseaseprogression can be determined, including without limitation, suchsubjects having similar body mass index or similar total cholesterollevels, similar LDL/HDLC levels, similar blood glucose levels, similarsystolic or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of the same or similarage range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects whoexhibit similar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or subjectshaving family histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD,or CVD.

In another embodiment, the reference value is an index value or abaseline value. An index value or baseline value is a composite sampleof an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS from one or more subjectswho do not have an arteriovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis,atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, or subjects who are asymptomatic foran arteriovascular disease. A baseline value can also comprise theamounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a sample derived from a subject who hasshown an improvement in arteriovascular risk factors (encompassingatherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis risk factors) as a result ofarteriovascular treatments or therapies. Such improvements include,without limitation, a reduction in body mass index, a reduction in totalcholesterol, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDLC levels, areduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinationsthereof. In this embodiment, to make comparisons to the subject-derivedsample, the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS are similarly calculated andcompared to the index value. Optionally, subjects identified as havingan arteriovascular disease, or being at increased risk of developing anarteriovascular disease are chosen to receive a therapeutic regimen toslow the progression of an arteriovascular disease, or decrease orprevent the risk of developing an arteriovascular disease.

The progression of an arteriovascular disease, or effectiveness of anarteriovascular disease treatment regimen can be monitored by detectinga ARTERIORISKMARKER in an effective amount (which may be two or more) ofsamples obtained from a subject over time and comparing the amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS detected. For example, a first sample can be obtainedprior to the subject receiving treatment and one or more subsequentsamples are taken after or during treatment of the subject.Arteriovascular diseases are considered to be progressive (or,alternatively, the treatment does not prevent progression) if the amountof ARTERIORISKMARKER changes over time relative to the reference value,whereas the arteriovascular disease is not progressive if the amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS remains constant over time (relative to the referencepopulation, or “constant” as used herein). The term “constant” as usedin the context of the present invention is construed to include changesover time with respect to the reference value.

Additionally, therapeutic or prophylactic agents suitable foradministration to a particular subject can be identified by detecting aARTERIORISKMARKER in an effective amount (which may be two or more) in asample obtained from a subject, exposing the subject-derived sample to atest compound that determines the amount (which may be two or more) ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in the subject-derived sample. Accordingly,treatments or therapeutic regimens for use in subjects having anarteriovascular disease, or subjects at risk for developing anarteriovascular disease can be selected based on the amounts ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in samples obtained from the subjects and compared toa reference value. Two or more treatments or therapeutic regimens can beevaluated in parallel to determine which treatment or therapeuticregimen would be the most efficacious for use in a subject to delayonset, or slow progression of an arteriovascular disease.

The present invention further provides a method for screening forchanges in marker expression associated with an arteriovascular disease,by determining the amount (which may be two or more) ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derived sample, comparing the amounts ofthe ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a reference sample, and identifyingalterations in amounts in the subject sample compared to the referencesample.

If the reference sample, e.g., a control sample, is from a subject thatdoes not have an arteriovascular disease, or if the reference samplereflects a value that is relative to a person that has a high likelihoodof rapid progression to an arteriovascular disease, a similarity in theamount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER analytes in the test sample and thereference sample indicates that the treatment is efficacious. However, adifference in the amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER in the test sample andthe reference sample indicates a less favorable clinical outcome orprognosis.

By “efficacious”, it is meant that the treatment leads to a decrease inthe amount of a ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, nucleic acid, polymorphism,metabolite, or other analyte, decreases in systolic and/or diastolicblood pressure, decreases in total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterollevels, increases in HDL cholesterol levels, or decreases in BMI.Assessment of the risk factors disclosed herein can be achieved usingstandard clinical protocols. Efficacy can be determined in associationwith any known method for diagnosing, identifying, or treating anarteriovascular disease.

The present invention further encompasses methods of differentiallydiagnosing and distinguishing arteriovascular diseases, such as, but notlimited to, Metabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X, arteriosclerosis,atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heart valvedisease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris (stable and unstable),cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, orthostatichypotension, shock, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches(such as aortic stenosis), peripheral artery disease, cerebrovasculardisease, and congenital heart disease. One embodiment of the inventionprovides a method of differentially diagnosing and distinguishing theprogressive stages of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis based on thedevelopment of an occlusive or subocclusive thrombus (also known as a“plaque”), which may be ruptured or non-ruptured. Plaque rupture is themost common type of plaque complication, accounting for .about.70% offatal acute myocardial infarctions and/or sudden coronary deaths. Thus,there is an interdependent relationship between plaque growth andarterial thrombosis, providing the framework for precipitation of anacute arteriovascular event. Plaques within the arteriovascular systembecome “high-risk,” “unstable,”, or “vulnerable” in response to a widearray of local and systemic influences, such as inflammation,composition of the plaque, prothrombotic milieu, among others(Wasserman, E. J. and Shipley, N. M. (2006) Mt. Sinai J. Med. 73L:431-439). Plaque composition is a major pathophysiological determinantof arteriovascular disease. Measurement of plaque components candetermine the probability of an arteriovascular event, and can be usefulin diagnosing or identifying asymptomatic subjects.

The earliest changes begin within the endothelium, where activatedendothelial cells (ECs) recruit monocytes and T-lymphocytes to thevessel wall (Springer, T. A. (1994) Cell 76: 301-314). Endothelialdysfunction drives this process, which is marked by endothelial cellexpression of leukocyte and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs) andincreased endothelial permeability to lipoproteins, leukocytes, andother inflammatory mediators, Increasing number of atherogeniclipoproteins and T-cells within the intima stimulate monocytes todifferentiate to macrophages, which then become lipid-laden foam cellsas they engulf and ingest modified lipoproteins. Smooth muscle cells(SMCs) migrate and proliferate, leukocyte recruitment amplifies, andplatelet aggregates adhere to injured endothelium in response to avariety of inflammatory mediators secreted by ECs, activated leukocytes,SMCs, and platelets (Springer, T. A. and Cybulsky, M. I., (1996) In:Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease Vol. 1 Lippincott-Raven(Philadelphia), pp. 511-538). These lesions are commonly referred to inthe art as “fatty streaks”. With continued progression, these plaquesaccumulate pools of extracellular lipid deposits that surroundincreasing numbers of inflammatory cells, SMCs, and connective tissueelements, all of which comprise a pro-atherogenic, pro-thrombotic,dynamic extracellular matrix (ECM). In response to cytokines and growthfactors, such as but not limited to transforming growth factor-.beta.(TGF.beta.), a fibrous cap, composed primarily of SMCs and collagen,develops around the expanding lipid core, walling it off from the lumen.The atheromatous core accumulates larger, more confluent amounts ofextracellular lipids along with pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g.,interferon-.gamma.) and proteolytic enzymes (e.g., matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs)) that contribute to the erosion of the fibrouscap by digesting its components.

Plaques are identified by several criteria, such as but not limited toplaque cap thickness, plaque lipid core size, presence or absence of anecrotic core, plaque stenosis (luminal narrowing), remodeling(expansive vs. constrictive remodeling), color (yellow, glisteningyellow, red, etc.), collagen content vs. lipid content, mechanicalstability (stiffness and elasticity), calcification burden and pattern(nodule vs. scattered, superficial vs. deep, etc.), plaqueactivity/function, such as plaque inflammation (comprising macrophagedensity, rate of monocyte infiltration, and density of activatedT-cell), endothelial dysfunction measured by local nitric oxideproduction, anti-procoagulation properties of the endothelium, plaqueoxidative stress, superficial platelet aggregation and fibrindeposition, rate of apoptosis, angiogenesis, leaking vasa vasorum, andintraplaque hemorrhage, the presence of matrix metalloproteinaseactivity in the cap, and the present of certain microbial antigens.Other criteria include pan-arterial measurements, such as transcoronarygradients of serum markers of vulnerability, total coronary calciumburden, total coronary vasoreactivity (endothelial function), totalarterial burden of plaque including peripheral arterial burden, amongothers.

Plaques which often, but do not always, create significant degrees ofarterial luminal stenosis are characterized by a degraded fibrous capwith superimposed organizing thrombus and a well-formed, mostlyacellular necrotic core containing oxygen radicals, oxidized lipids,dying foam cells, erythrocyte membranes, and apoptotic cellular debris(referred to in the art as “thin-cap fibroatheroma”). These high-riskatheromas may progress to largely occlusive and calcified or fibroticatheromas, which may in turn trigger signs and symptoms of moreprogressive arteriovascular diseases, such as angina pectoris and whichoccur secondary to acute thrombosis or during periods of inadequatecollateral/luminal blood flow.

The progression of a fatty streak to a high-risk atheroma occurs througha continuous process of ECM remodeling. Dysregulation of ECM metabolismmay result in an accelerated accumulation of lipids and foam cells, anet increase in collagen resorption with subsequent weakening of thefibrous cap and compensatory changes in vessel wall architecture.Neovascularization in atherosclerotic arteries introduces fragileintimal microvessels (also known as “vasa vasorum”), which may ruptureinto the core, resulting in repeated, often subclinical, intraplaquehemorrhage. As these clots reorganize and are layered with fibroustissue, the lesion advances. Expansive ECM remodeling results in outwardgrowth of the plaque, increasing the circumference of the diseasedsection of artery. The extent of luminal narrowing has been found to beinversely proportional to the degree of expansive remodeling(Pasterkamp, G. et al (1995) Circulation 91: 1444-1449).

Inflammation plays a key role during thrombogenesis, or disruption ofthe plaque. Procoagulant factors within the ECM are exposed to luminalblood flow at sites where plaque disruption has occurred. Stimulated byinflammatory mediators, circulating platelets adhere to damagedendothelium and form aggregates that become trapped in fibrin. Given theappropriate mixture of disturbed blood flow, inflammation, andthrombogenic potential, occlusive thrombi may occur, causing anarteriovascular event even in the absence of visible plaque disruption.Hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, diabetes, elevated levels ofhomocysteine as well as C-reactive protein, smoking, apoptosis, elevatedlevels of lipoprotein A, elevated levels of plasminogen activatorinhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), high levels of MMPs, the presence of tissuefactor, as well as other conditions, augment the inflammatory andhemodynamic response to vascular injury and feed the coagulationcascade, resulting in accelerated thrombogenesis.

The present invention also provides ARTERIORISKMARKER panels includingone or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of a generalphysiological pathway associated with an arteriovascular disease (suchas inflammation, coagulation, necrosis), an arteriovascular disease site(such as the heart or brain), the particular stage of thearteriovascular disease (such as platelet aggregation or plaquerupture), the rate of progression of the arteriovascular disease (i.e.,speed or kinetics that the arteriovascular disease is progressing at),and one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that can be used to exclude ordistinguish between different disease states or sequelae associated witharteriovascular disease. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the invention alsoprovides categories or clusters of analytes that can be measured anddetected according to signaling pathway or physiological pathway. Asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER may have several of the aforementionedcharacteristics according to the present invention, and mayalternatively be used in replacement of one or more otherARTERIORISKMARKERS where appropriate for the given application of theinvention.

The present invention also comprises a kit with a detection reagent thatbinds to two or more ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids,polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes. Also provided by theinvention is an array of detection reagents, e.g., antibodies and/oroligonucleotides that can bind to two or more ARTERIORISKMARKER proteinsor nucleic acids, respectively. In one embodiment, the ARTERIORISKMARKERare proteins and the array contains antibodies that bind an effectiveamount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 sufficient to measure astatistically significant alteration in ARTERIORISKMARKER expressioncompared to a reference value. In another embodiment, theARTERIORISKMARKERS are nucleic acids and the array containsoligonucleotides or aptamers that bind an effective amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 sufficient to measure a statisticallysignificant alteration in ARTERIORISKMARKER expression compared to areference value.

Also provided by the present invention is a method for treating one ormore subjects at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease,comprising: detecting the presence of altered amounts of an effectiveamount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS present in a sample from the one or moresubjects; and treating the one or more subjects with one or morearteriovascular disease-modulating drugs until altered amounts of theARTERIORISKMARKERS return to a baseline value measured in one or moresubjects at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, oralternatively, in subjects who do not exhibit any of the traditionalrisk factors for arteriovascular disease.

Also provided by the present invention is a method for treating one ormore subjects having an arteriovascular disease comprising: detectingthe presence of altered levels of an effective amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS present in a sample from the one or more subjects;and treating the one or more subjects with one or more arteriovasculardisease-modulating drugs until altered amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERSreturn to a baseline value measured in one or more subjects at low riskfor developing an arteriovascular disease.

Also provided by the present invention is a method for evaluatingchanges in the risk of an arteriovascular event in a subject diagnosedwith an arteriovascular disease, comprising detecting an effectiveamount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be two or more) in a firstsample from the subject at a first period of time, detecting the amountsof the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at asecond period of time, and comparing the amounts of theARTERIORISKMARKERS detected at the first and second periods of time.

The present invention also encompasses a method for evaluating the riskof plaque rupture in a subject diagnosed with atherosclerosis oratherothrombosis, comprising detecting an effective amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be two or more) in a first sample from thesubject at a first period of time, detecting the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in asecond sample from the subject at a second period of time, and comparingthe amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected at the first and secondperiods of time.

A method for differentially diagnosing disease states associated with anarteriovascular disease in a subject is provided, comprising detectingan effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the groupconsisting of ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, or the ARTERIORISKMARKER panelsof the invention, in a sample from the subject; and comparing theamounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS to the arteriovascular disease subjectprofiles of the present invention, or to a reference value.

Also provided by the present invention is a method of monitoring theprogression of plaque formation in a subject comprising detecting aneffective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the groupconsisting of CARDIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, or the ARTERIORISKMARKER panelsof the invention, in a sample from the subject; and comparing theamounts of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS, or the ARTERIORISKMARKERpanel, to the arteriovascular disease subject profiles of the presentinvention, or to a reference value.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of the Invention

The invention allows the diagnosis and prognosis of arteriovasculardisease or arteriovascular events. The risk of developing anarteriovascular disease can be detected by measuring an effective amountof ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms,metabolites, and other analytes (which may be two or more) in a testsample (e.g., a subject derived sample), and comparing the effectiveamounts to reference or index values, often utilizing mathematicalalgorithms or formula in order to combine information from results ofmultiple individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS and from non-analyte clinicalparameters into a single measurement or index. Subjects identified ashaving an increased risk of an arteriovascular disease can optionally beselected to receive treatment regimens, such as administration ofprophylactic or therapeutic compounds such as “arteriovasculardisease-modulating agents” as defined herein, or implementation ofexercise regimens, surgical interventions as defined elsewhere in thisdisclosure, or dietary supplements to prevent or delay the onset of anarteriovascular disease.

The amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, nucleic acid, polymorphism,metabolite, or other analyte can be measured in a test sample andcompared to the “normal control level,” utilizing techniques such asreference limits, discrimination limits, or risk defining thresholds todefine cutoff points and abnormal values for arteriovascular disease orarteriovascular events, all as described in Vasan, 2006. The “normalcontrol level” means the level of one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS orcombined ARTERIORISKMARKER indices typically found in a subject notsuffering from an arteriovascular disease. Such normal control level andcutoff points may vary based on whether a ARTERIORISKMARKER is usedalone or in a formula combining with other ARTERIORISKMARKERS into anindex. Alternatively, the normal control level can be a database ofARTERIORISKMARKER patterns from previously tested subjects who did notconvert to arteriovascular disease over a clinically relevant timehorizon.

The present invention may be used to make continuous or categoricalmeasurements of the risk of conversion to arteriovascular disease, thusdiagnosing and defining the risk spectrum of a category of subjectsdefined as at risk for having an arteriovascular event. In thecategorical scenario, the methods of the present invention can be usedto discriminate between normal and arteriovascular disease subjectcohorts. In other embodiments, the present invention may be used so asto discriminate those at risk for having an arteriovascular event fromthose having more stable arteriovascular disease, those more rapidlyprogressing (or alternatively those with a shorter probable time horizonto an arteriovascular event) to an arteriovascular event from those moreslowly progressing (or with a longer time horizon to an arteriovascularevent), or those having arteriovascular disease from normal. Suchdiffering use may require different ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations inindividual panel, mathematical algorithm, and/or cut-off points, but besubject to the same aforementioned measurements of accuracy and otherperformance metrics relevant for the intended use.

Identifying the subject at risk of having an arteriovascular eventenables the selection and initiation of various therapeuticinterventions or treatment regimens in order to delay, reduce or preventthat subject's conversion to an arteriovascular disease state. Levels ofan effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids,polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes also allows for the courseof treatment of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular event to bemonitored. In this method, a biological sample can be provided from asubject undergoing treatment regimens, e.g., drug treatments, forarteriovascular disease. Such treatment regimens can include, but arenot limited to, exercise regimens, dietary supplementation, bariatricsurgical intervention, and treatment with therapeutics or prophylacticsused in subjects diagnosed or identified with arteriovascular disease orat risk of having an arteriovascular event. If desired, biologicalsamples are obtained from the subject at various time points before,during, or after treatment.

The present invention can also be used to screen patient or subjectpopulations in any number of settings. For example, a health maintenanceorganization, public health entity or school health program can screen agroup of subjects to identify those requiring interventions, asdescribed above, or for the collection of epidemiological data.Insurance companies (e.g., health, life or disability) may screenapplicants in the process of determining coverage or pricing, orexisting clients for possible intervention. Data collected in suchpopulation screens, particularly when tied to any clinical progressionto conditions like arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events,will be of value in the operations of, for example, health maintenanceorganizations, public health programs and insurance companies. Such dataarrays or collections can be stored in machine-readable media and usedin any number of health-related data management systems to provideimproved healthcare services, cost effective healthcare, improvedinsurance operation, etc. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application No.2002/0038227; U.S. Patent Application No. US 2004/0122296; U.S. PatentApplication No. US 2004/0122297; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,018,067. Suchsystems can access the data directly from internal data storage orremotely from one or more data storage sites as further detailed herein.Thus, in a health-related data management system, wherein risk ofdeveloping a arteriovascular condition for a subject or a populationcomprises analyzing arteriovascular disease risk factors, the presentinvention provides an improvement comprising use of a data arrayencompassing the biomarker measurements as defined herein and/or theresulting evaluation of risk from those biomarker measurements.

A machine-readable storage medium can comprise a data storage materialencoded with machine readable data or data arrays which, when using amachine programmed with instructions for using said data, is capable ofuse for a variety of purposes, such as, without limitation, subjectinformation relating to arteriovascular disease risk factors over timeor in response to arteriovascular disease-modulating drug therapies,drug discovery, and the like. Measurements of effective amounts of thebiomarkers of the invention and/or the resulting evaluation of risk fromthose biomarkers can implemented in computer programs executing onprogrammable computers, comprising, inter alia, a processor, a datastorage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/orstorage elements), at least one input device, and at least one outputdevice. Program code can be applied to input data to perform thefunctions described above and generate output information. The outputinformation can be applied to one or more output devices, according tomethods known in the art. The computer may be, for example, a personalcomputer, microcomputer, or workstation of conventional design.

Each program can be implemented in a high level procedural or objectoriented programming language to communicate with a computer system.However, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machinelanguage, if desired. The language can be a compiled or interpretedlanguage. Each such computer program can be stored on a storage media ordevice (e.g., ROM or magnetic diskette or others as defined elsewhere inthis disclosure) readable by a general or special purpose programmablecomputer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storagemedia or device is read by the computer to perform the proceduresdescribed herein. The health-related data management system of theinvention may also be considered to be implemented as acomputer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program,where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in aspecific and predefined manner to perform various functions describedherein.

Levels of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleicacids, polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes can then bedetermined and compared to a reference value, e.g. a control subject orpopulation whose athersclerotic state is known or an index value orbaseline value. The reference sample or index value or baseline valuemay be taken or derived from one or more subjects who have been exposedto the treatment, or may be taken or derived from one or more subjectswho are at low risk of developing arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event, or may be taken or derived from subjects who haveshown improvements in arteriovascular disease risk factors (such asclinical parameters or traditional laboratory risk factors as definedherein) as a result of exposure to treatment. Alternatively, thereference sample or index value or baseline value may be taken orderived from one or more subjects who have not been exposed to thetreatment. For example, samples may be collected from subjects who havereceived initial treatment for arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event and subsequent treatment for arteriovasculardisease or an arteriovascular event to monitor the progress of thetreatment. A reference value can also comprise a value derived from riskprediction algorithms or computed indices from population studies suchas those disclosed herein.

The ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the present invention can thus be used togenerate a “reference ARTERIORISKMARKER profile” of those subjects whodo not have arteriovascular disease or are not at risk of having anarteriovascular event, and would not be expected to developarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. TheARTERIORISKMARKERS disclosed herein can also be used to generate a“subject ARTERIORISKMARKER profile” taken from subjects who havearteriovascular disease or are at risk for having an arteriovascularevent. The subject ARTERIORISKMARKER profiles can be compared to areference ARTERIORISKMARKER profile to diagnose or identify subjects atrisk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event,to monitor the progression of disease, as well as the rate ofprogression of disease, and to monitor the effectiveness ofarteriovascular treatment modalities. The reference and subjectARTERIORISKMARKER profiles of the present invention can be contained ina machine-readable medium, such as but not limited to, analog tapes likethose readable by a VCR, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, USB flash media, among others,Such machine-readable media can also contain additional test results,such as, without limitation, measurements of clinical parameters andtraditional laboratory risk factors. Alternatively or additionally, themachine-readable media can also comprise subject information such asmedical history and any relevant family history. The machine-readablemedia can also contain information relating to other arteriovasculardisease-risk algorithms and computed indices such as those describedherein.

Differences in the genetic makeup of subjects can result in differencesin their relative abilities to metabolize various drugs, which maymodulate the symptoms or risk factors of arteriovascular disease orarteriovascular events. Subjects that have arteriovascular disease, orat risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascularevent can vary in age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), totalcholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, blood pressure, LDL and HDLlevels, and other parameters. Accordingly, use of the ARTERIORISKMARKERSdisclosed herein, both alone and together in combination with knowngenetic factors for drug metabolism, allow for a pre-determined level ofpredictability that a putative therapeutic or prophylactic to be testedin a selected subject will be suitable for treating or preventingarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event in the subject.

To identify therapeutics or drugs that are appropriate for a specificsubject, a test sample from the subject can also be exposed to atherapeutic agent or a drug, and the level of one or more ofARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites orother analytes can be determined. The level of one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS can be compared to sample derived from the subjectbefore and after treatment or exposure to a therapeutic agent or a drug,or can be compared to samples derived from one or more subjects who haveshown improvements in arteriovascular risk factors (e.g., clinicalparameters or traditional laboratory risk factors) as a result of suchtreatment or exposure.

Agents for reducing the risk of arteriovascular disease, anarteriovascular event, or arteriovascular complications include, withoutlimitation of the following, insulin, hypoglycemic agents,anti-inflammatory agents, lipid reducing agents, anti-hypertensives suchas calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic receptor blockers,cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, angiotensin system inhibitors, ACEinhibitors, rennin inhibitors, together with other common risk factormodifying agents (herein “arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs”).

“Insulin” includes rapid acting forms, such as Insulin lispro rDNAorigin: HUMALOG (1.5 mL, 10 mL, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,Ind.), Insulin Injection (Regular Insulin) form beef and pork (regularILETIN I, Eli Lilly], human: rDNA: HUMULIN R (Eli Lilly), NOVOLIN R(Novo Nordisk, New York, N.Y.), Semisynthetic: VELOSULIN Human (NovoNordisk), rDNA Human, Buffered: VELOSULIN BR, pork: regular Insulin(Novo Nordisk), purified pork: Pork Regular ILETIN II (Eli Lilly),Regular Purified Pork Insulin (Novo Nordisk), and Regular (Concentrated)ILETIN II U-500 (500 units/mL, Eli Lilly); intermediate-acting formssuch as Insulin Zinc Suspension, beef and pork: LENTE ILETIN G I (EliLilly), Human, rDNA: HUMULIN L (Eli Lilly), NOVOLIN L (Novo Nordisk),purified pork: LENTE ILETIN II (Eli Lilly), Isophane Insulin Suspension(NPH): beef and pork: NPH ILETIN I (Eli Lilly), Human, rDNA: HUMULIN N(Eli Lilly), Novolin N (Novo Nordisk), purified pork: Pork NPH Iletin II(Eli Lilly), NPH-N (Novo Nordisk); and long-acting forms such as Insulinzinc suspension, extended (ULTRALENTE, Eli Lilly), human, rDNA: HUMULINU (Eli Lilly).

“Hypoglycemic” agents are preferably oral hypoglycemic agents andinclude, without limitation, first-generation sulfonylureas:Acetohexamide (Dymelor), Chlorpropamide (Diabinese), Tolbutamide(Orinase); second-generation sulfonylureas: Glipizide (Glucotrol,Glucotrol XL), Glyburide (Diabeta; Micronase; Glynase), Glimepiride(Amaryl); Biguanides: Metformin (Glucophage); Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitors: Acarbose (Precose), Miglitol (Glyset), Thiazolidinediones:Rosiglitazone (Avandia), Pioglitazone (Actos), Troglitazone (Rezulin);Meglitinides: Repaglinide (Prandin); and other hypoglycemics such asAcarbose; Buformin; Butoxamine Hydrochloride; Camiglibose; Ciglitazone;Englitazone Sodium; Darglitazone Sodium; Etoformin Hydrochloride;Gliamflide; Glibomuride; Glicetanile Gliclazide Sodium; Gliflumide;Glucagon; Glyhexamide; Glymidine Sodium; Glyoctamide; Glyparamide;Linogliride; Linogliride Fumarate; Methyl Palmoxirate; PalmoxirateSodium; Pirogliride Tartrate; Proinsulin Human; Seglitide Acetate;Tolazamide; Tolpyrramide; Zopolrestat.

“Anti-inflammatory” agents include Alclofenac; AlclometasoneDipropionate; Algestone Acetonide; Alpha Amylase; Amcinafal; Amcinafide;Amfenac Sodium; Amiprilose Hydrochloride; Anakinra; Anirolac;Anitrazafen; Apazone; Balsalazide Disodium; Bendazac; Benoxaprofen;Benzydamine Hydrochloride; Bromelains; Broperamole; Budesonide;Carprofen; Cicloprofen; Cintazone; Cliprofen; Clobetasol Propionate;Clobetasone Butyrate; Clopirac; Cloticasone Propionate; Cot methasoneAcetate; Cortodoxone; Deflazacort; Desonide; Desoximetasone;Dexamethasone Dipropionate; Diclofenac Potassium; Diclofenac Sodium;Diflorasone Diacetate; Diflumidone Sodium; Diflunisal; Difluprednate;Diftalone; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Drocinonide; Endrysone; Enlimomab;Enolicam Sodium; Epirizole; Etodolac; Etofenamate; Felbinac; Fenamole;Fenbufen; Fenclofenac; Fenclorac; Fendosal; Fenpipalone; Fentiazac;Flazalone; Fluazacort; Flufenamic Acid; Flumizole; Flunisolide Acetate;Flunixin; Flunixin Meglumine; Fluocortin Butyl; Fluorometholone Acetate;Fluquazone; Flurbiprofen; Fluretofen; Fluticasone Propionate;Furaprofen; Furobufen; Halcinonide; Halobetasol Propionate; HalopredoneAcetate; Ibufenac; Ibuprofen; Ibuprofen Aluminum; Ibuprofen Piconol;Ilonidap; Indomethacin; Indomethacin Sodium; Indoprofen; Indoxole;Intrazole; Isoflupredone Acetate; Isoxepac; Isoxicam; Ketoprofen;Lofemizole Hydrochloride; Lornoxicam; Loteprednol Etabonate;Meclofenamate Sodium; Meclofenamic Acid; Meclorisone Dibutyrate;Mefenamic Acid; Mesalamine; Meseclazone; Methylprednisolone Suleptanate;Momiflumate; Nabumetone; Naproxen; Naproxen Sodium; Naproxol; Nimazone;Olsalazine Sodium; Orgotein; Orpanoxin; Oxaprozin; Oxyphenbutazone;Paranyline Hydrochloride; Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium; PhenbutazoneSodium Glycerate; Pirfenidone; Piroxicam; Piroxicam Cinnamate; PiroxicamOlamine; Pirprofen; Prednazate; Prifelone; Prodolic Acid; Proquazone;Proxazole; Proxazole Citrate; Rimexolone; Romazarit; Salcolex;Salnacedin; Salsalate; Salycilates; Sanguinarium Chloride; Seclazone;Sermetacin; Sudoxicam; Sulindac; Suprofen; Talmetacin; Talniflumate;Talosalate; Tebufelone; Tenidap; Tenidap Sodium; Tenoxicam; Tesicam;Tesimide; Tetrydamine; Tiopinac; Tixocortol Pivalate; Tolmetin; TolmetinSodium; Triclonide; Triflumidate; Zidometacin; Glucocorticoids;Zomepirac Sodium. An important anti-inflammatory agent is aspirin.

Preferred anti-inflammatory agents are cytokine inhibitors. Importantcytokine inhibitors include cytokine antagonists (e.g., IL-6 receptorantagonists), aza-alkyl lysophospholipids (AALP), and Tumor NecrosisFactor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors, such as anti-TNF-alpha antibodies,soluble TNF receptor, TNF-alpha, anti-sense nucleic acid molecules,multivalent guanylhydrazone (CNI-1493), N-acetylcysteine,pentoxiphylline, oxpentifylline, carbocyclic nucleoside analogues, smallmolecule S9a, RP 55778 (a TNF-alpha synthesis inhibitor), Dexanabinol(HU-211, is a synthetic cannabinoid devoid of cannabimimetic effects,inhibits TNF-alpha production at a post-transcriptional stage), MDL201,449A (9-[(1R,3R)-trans-cyclopentan-3-ol] adenine, and trichodimerol(BMS-182123). Preferred TNF-alpha inhibitors are Etanercept (ENBREL,Immunex, Seattle) and Infliximab (REMICADE, Centocor, Malvern, Pa.).

“Lipid reducing agents” include gemfibrozil, cholystyramine, colestipol,nicotinic acid, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitors useful for administration, or co-administration with otheragents according to the invention include, but are not limited to,simvastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784), lovastatin (U.S. Pat. No.4,231,938), pravastatin sodium (U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227), fluvastatin(U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,073), atorvastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,995),cerivastatin, and numerous others described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,985,U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,935, U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,896, U.S. Pat. No.4,920,109, U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,895, U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,435, U.S. Pat.No. 5,260,332, U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,031, U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,256, U.S.Pat. No. 5,256,689, U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,298, U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,125,U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,604, U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,171, U.S. Pat. No.5,202,327, U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,021, U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,440, U.S. Pat.No. 5,091,386, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,378, U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,646, U.S.Pat. No. 5,385,932, U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,435, U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,312,U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,306, U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,870, U.S. Pat. No.5,112,857, U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,911, U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,931, U.S. Pat.No. 5,081,136, U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,000, U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,453, U.S.Pat. No. 5,017,716, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,144, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,128,U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,837, U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,234, U.S. Pat. No.4,994,494, U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,429, U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,231, U.S. Pat.No. 4,968,693, U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,538, U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,940, U.S.Pat. No. 4,950,675, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,864, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,860,U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,800, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,727, U.S. Pat. No.4,939,143, U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,620, U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,861, U.S. Pat.No. 4,906,657, U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,624 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,402, thedisclosures of which patents are incorporated herein by reference.

Anti-thrombotic and/or fibrinolytic agents include Plasminogen (toplasmin via interactions of prekallikrein, kininogens, Factors XII,XIIIa, plasminogen proactivator, and tissue plasminogen activator[TPA])Streptokinase; Urokinase: Anisoylated Plasminogen-StreptokinaseActivator Complex; Pro-Urokinase; (Pro-UK); rTPA (alteplase or activase;r denotes recombinant), rPro-UK; Abbokinase; Eminase; SreptaseAnagrelide Hydrochloride; Bivalirudin; Dalteparin Sodium; DanaparoidSodium; Dazoxiben Hydrochloride; Efegatran Sulfate; Enoxaparin Sodium;Ifetroban; Ifetroban Sodium; Tinzaparin Sodium; retaplase; Trifenagrel;Warfarin; Dextrans.

Anti-platelet agents include Clopridogrel; Sulfinpyrazone; Aspirin;Dipyridamole; Clofibrate; Pyridinol Carbamate; PGE; Glucagon;Antiserotonin drugs; Caffeine; Theophyllin Pentoxifyllin; Ticlopidine;Anagrelide.

Lipid reducing agents include gemfibrozil, cholystyramine, colestipol,nicotinic acid, probucol lovastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin,atorvastatin, pravastatin, cirivastatin.

Direct thrombin inhibitors include hirudin, hirugen, hirulog, agatroban,PPACK, thrombin aptamers.

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors are both antibodies andnon-antibodies, and include but are not limited to ReoPro (abcixamab),lamifiban, tirofiban.

One preferred agent is aspirin.

“Calcium channel blockers” are a chemically diverse class of compoundshaving important therapeutic value in the control of a variety ofdiseases including several cardiovascular disorders, such ashypertension, angina, and cardiac arrhythmias (Fleckenstein, Cir. Res.v. 52, (suppl. 1), p. 13-16 (1983); Fleckenstein, Experimental Facts andTherapeutic Prospects, John Wiley, New York (1983); McCall, D., CurrPract Cardiol, v. 10, p. 1-11 (1985)). Calcium channel blockers are aheterogeneous group of drugs that belong to one of three major chemicalgroups of drugs, the dihydropyridines, such as nifedipine, the phenylalkyl amines, such as verapamil, and the benzothiazepines, such asdiltiazem. Other calcium channel blockers useful according to theinvention, include, but are not limited to, amrinone, amlodipine,bencyclane, felodipine, fendiline, flunarizine, isradipine, nicardipine,nimodipine, perhexilene, gallopamil, tiapamil and tiapamil analogues(such as 1993RO-11-2933), phenytoin, barbiturates, and the peptidesdynorphin, omega-conotoxin, and omega-agatoxin, and the like and/orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

“Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents” are a class of drugs thatantagonize the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines in anginapectoris, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Beta-adrenergicreceptor blockers include, but are not limited to, atenolol, acebutolol,alprenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bunitrolol, carteolol, celiprolol,hedroxalol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol, mepindolol, methypranol,metindol, metoprolol, metrizoranolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol,practolol, practolol, sotalolnadolol, tiprenolol, tomalolol, timolol,bupranolol, penbutolol, trimepranol,2-(3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-amino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-pyridenecarbonitrilHC-1,1-butylamino-3-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy-)-2-propanol,1-isopropylamino-3-(4-(2-cyclopropylmethoxyethyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol,3-isopropylamino-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-2-butanol,2-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propylthio)-4-(5-carbamoyl-2-thienyl)thiazol,7-(2-hydroxy-3-t-butylaminpropoxy)phthalide. The above-identifiedcompounds can be used as isomeric mixtures, or in their respectivelevorotating or dextrorotating form.

A number of selective “COX-2 inhibitors” are known in the art andinclude, but are not limited to, COX-2 inhibitors described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,474,995 “Phenyl heterocycles as cox-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No.5,521,213 “Diaryl bicyclic heterocycles as inhibitors ofcyclooxygenase-2”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,752 “Phenyl heterocycles as COX-2inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142 “Phenyl heterocycles as COX-2inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,422 “Aryl substituted 5,5 fusedaromatic nitrogen compounds as anti-inflammatory agents”; U.S. Pat. No.5,604,253 “N-benzylindol-3-yl propanoic acid derivatives ascyclooxygenase inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,260“5-methanesulfonamido-1-indanones as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2”;U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,780 “N-benzyl indol-3-yl butanoic acid derivativesas cyclooxygenase inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,318“Diphenyl-1,2-3-thiadiazoles as anti-inflammatory agents”; U.S. Pat. No.5,691,374 “Diaryl-5-oxygenated-2-(5H)-furanones as COX-2 inhibitors”;U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584 “3,4-diaryl-2-hydroxy-2,5-dihy-drofurans asprodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140 “Phenylheterocycles as COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,909 “Diphenylstilbenes as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,413“Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No.5,817,700 “Bisaryl cyclobutenes derivatives as cyclooxygenaseinhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,943 “Stilbene derivatives useful ascyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,419 “Substitutedpyridines as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No.5,922,742 “Pyridinyl-2-cyclopenten-1-ones as selective cyclooxygenase-2inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,631 “Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs toCOX-2 inhibitors”; all of which are commonly assigned to Merck FrosstCanada, Inc. (Kirkland, Calif.). Additional COX-2 inhibitors are alsodescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,933, assigned to G. D. Searle & Co.(Skokie, Ill.), entitled: “Substituted sulfonylphenyl-heterocycles ascyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.”

A number of the above-identified COX-2 inhibitors are prodrugs ofselective COX-2 inhibitors, and exert their action by conversion in vivoto the active and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The active and selectiveCOX-2 inhibitors formed from the above-identified COX-2 inhibitorprodrugs are described in detail in WO 95/00501, published Jan. 5, 1995,WO 95/18799, published Jul. 13, 1995 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995, issuedDec. 12, 1995. Given the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,297, entitled:“Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA and assays for evaluating cyclooxygenase-2activity,” a person of ordinary skill in the art would be able todetermine whether an agent is a selective COX-2 inhibitor or a precursorof a COX-2 inhibitor, and therefore part of the present invention.

“Angiotensin II antagonists” are compounds which interfere with theactivity of angiotensin II by binding to angiotensin II receptors andinterfering with its activity. Angiotensin II antagonists are well knownand include peptide compounds and non-peptide compounds. Mostangiotensin II antagonists are slightly modified congeners in whichagonist activity is attenuated by replacement of phenylalanine inposition 8 with some other amino acid; stability can be enhanced byother replacements that slow degeneration in vivo. Examples ofangiotensin II antagonists include: peptidic compounds (e.g., saralasin,[(San.sup.1)(Val.sup.5)(Ala.sup.8)] angiotensin-(1-8) octapeptide andrelated analogs); N-substituted imidazole-2-one (U.S. Pat. No.5,087,634); imidazole acetate derivatives including2-N-butyl-4-chloro-1-(2-chlorobenzile) imidazole-5-acetic acid (see Longet al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247(1), 1-7 (1988));4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid andanalog derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,463); N2-tetrazolebeta-glucuronide analogs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,992); substitutedpyrroles, pyrazoles, and tryazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,127); phenol andheterocyclic derivatives such as 1,3-imidazoles (U.S. Pat. No.5,073,566); imidazo-fused 7-member ring heterocycles (U.S. Pat. No.5,064,825); peptides (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,684); antibodies toangiotensin II (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,386); and aralkyl imidazolecompounds such as biphenyl-methyl substituted imidazoles (e.g., EPNumber 253,310, Jan. 20, 1988); ES8891(N-morpholinoacetyl-(-1-naphthyl)-L-alany-1-(4, thiazolyl)-L-alanyl(35,45)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-cyclo-hexapentanoyl-N-hexylamide, SankyoCompany, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); SKF108566 (E-alpha-2-[2-butyl-1-(carboxyphenyl)methyl] 1H-imidazole-5-yl[methylan-e]-2-thiophenepropanoic acid,Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Pa.); Losartan (DUP753/M1K954,DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company); Remikirin (RO42-5892, F. HoffmanLaRoche A G); A.sub.2 agonists (Marion Merrill Dow) and certainnon-peptide heterocycles (G. D. Searle and Company).

“Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors” include amino acids andderivatives thereof, peptides, including di- and tri-peptides andantibodies to ACE which intervene in the renin-angiotensin system byinhibiting the activity of ACE thereby reducing or eliminating theformation of pressor substance angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors have beenused medically to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure,myocardial infarction and renal disease. Classes of compounds known tobe useful as ACE inhibitors include acylmercapto and mercaptoalkanoylprolines such as captopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,776) and zofenopril(U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,906), carboxyalkyl dipeptides such as enalapril(U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,829), lisinopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,829),quinapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,949), ramipril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,258),and perindopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,729), carboxyalkyl dipeptide mimicssuch as cilazapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,924) and benazapril (U.S. Pat.No. 4,410,520), phosphinylalkanoyl prolines such as fosinopril (U.S.Pat. No. 4,337,201) and trandolopril.

“Renin inhibitors” are compounds which interfere with the activity ofrenin. Renin inhibitors include amino acids and derivatives thereof,peptides and derivatives thereof, and antibodies to renin. Examples ofrenin inhibitors that are the subject of United States patents are asfollows: urea derivatives of peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,835); aminoacids connected by nonpeptide bonds (U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,937); di- andtri-peptide derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,835); amino acids andderivatives thereof (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,104,869 and 5,095,119); diolsulfonamides and sulfinyls (U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,924); modified peptides(U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,006); peptidyl beta-aminoacyl aminodiol carbamates(U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,471); pyrolimidazolones (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,451);fluorine and chlorine statine or statone containing peptides (U.S. Pat.No. 5,066,643); peptidyl amino diols (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,063,208 and4,845,079); N-morpholino derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,466);pepstatin derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,283); N-heterocyclic alcohols(U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,292); monoclonal antibodies to renin (U.S. Pat. No.4,780,401); and a variety of other peptides and analogs thereof (U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,071,837, 5,064,965, 5,063,207, 5,036,054, 5,036,053,5,034,512, and 4,894,437).

Anti-platelet” agents include but are not limited to, Clopridogrel;Sulfinpyrazone; Aspirin; Dipyridamole; Clofibrate; Pyridinol Carbamate;PGE; Glucagon; Antiserotonin drugs; Caffeine; Theophyllin Pentoxifyllin;Ticlopidine; Anagrelide.

Other arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs include, but are notlimited to, lipase inhibitors such as cetilistat (ATL-962); syntheticamylin analogs such as Symlin pramlintide with or without recombinantleptin; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors likesergliflozin (869682; KGT-1251), YM543, dapagliflozin, GlaxoSmithKlinemolecule 189075, and Sanofi-Aventis molecule AVE2268; dual adiposetriglyceride lipase and PI3 kinase activators like Adyvia (ID 1101);antagonists of neuropeptide Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptors like Nastechmolecule PYY3-36, synthetic analog of human hormones PYY3-36 andpancreatic polypeptide (7TM molecule TM30338); Shionogi molecule S-2367;cannabinoid CB I receptor antagonists such as rimonabant (Acomplia),taranabant, CP-945,598, Solvay molecule SLV319, Vernalis moleculeV24343; hormones like oleoyl-estrone; inhibitors of serotonin, dopamine,and norepinephrine (also known in the art as “triple monoamine reuptakeinhibitors”) like tesofensine (Neurosearch molecule NS2330); inhibitorsof norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake, like Contrave (bupropion plusopioid antagonist naltrexone) and Excalia (bupropion plus anticonvulsantzonisaminde); inhibitors of 11.beta.-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I(11b-HSDI) like Incyte molecule INCB13739; inhibitors of cortisolsynthesis such as ketoconazole (DiObex molecule DIO-902); inhibitors ofgluconeogenesis such as Metabasis/Daiichi molecule CS-917; glucokinaseactivators like Roche molecule R1440; antisense inhibitors of proteintyrosine phosphatase-1B such as ISIS 113715; as well as other agentslike NicOx molecule NCX 4016; injections of gastrin and epidermal growthfactor (EGF) analogs such as Islet Neogenesis Therapy (E1-I.N.T.); andbetahistine (Obecure molecule OBE101).

A subject cell (i.e., a cell isolated from a subject) can be incubatedin the presence of a candidate agent and the pattern ofARTERIORISKMARKER expression in the test sample is measured and comparedto a reference profile, e.g., an arteriovascular disease referenceexpression profile or a non-arteriovascular disease reference expressionprofile or an index value or baseline value. The test agent can be anycompound or composition or combination thereof, including, dietarysupplements. For example, the test agents are agents frequently used inarteriovascular treatment regimens and are described herein.

The aforementioned methods of the invention can be used to evaluate ormonitor the progression and/or improvement of subjects who have beendiagnosed with an arteriovascular disease, and who have undergonesurgical interventions for these diseases, such as, for example,angioplasty, arteriovascular grafting of stems, including self-expandingstents and drug-eluting stents comprising for example paclitaxel,atherectomy, coronary artery bypass, aortic and mitral valvereplacement, heart transplantation, ventricular remodeling,transmyocardial laser therapy, aneurysm repair, aortic dissection,pacemaker devices, and Maze procedure.

Additionally, any of the aforementioned methods can be used separatelyor in combination to assess if a subject has shown an “improvement inarteriovascular disease risk factors” or moved within the risk spectrumof subjects at risk for having an arteriovascular event. Suchimprovements include, without limitation, a reduction in body massindex, a reduction in blood glucose levels, an increase in HDL levels, adecrease in LDL or total cholesterol levels, a reduction in systolicand/or diastolic blood pressure, an increase in insulin levels, orcombinations thereof.

A subject suffering from or at risk of developing arteriovasculardisease or an arteriovascular event may also be suffering from or atrisk of developing Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. Type 2Diabetes in particular and arteriovascular disease have many riskfactors in common, and many of these risk factors are highly correlatedwith one another. The relationships among these risk factors may beattributable to a small number of physiological phenomena, perhaps evena single phenomenon. Subjects suffering from or at risk of developingDiabetes, arteriovascular disease, hypertension or obesity areidentified by methods known in the art.

Because of the interrelationship between Diabetes and arteriovasculardisease, some or all of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS andARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the present invention may overlap or beencompassed by biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, orpre-diabetic conditions, and indeed may be useful in the diagnosis ofthe risk of Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, or pre-diabetic conditions.

Performance and Accuracy Measures of the Invention

The performance and thus absolute and relative clinical usefulness ofthe invention may be assessed in multiple ways as noted above. Amongstthe various assessments of performance, the invention is intended toprovide accuracy in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. The accuracy of adiagnostic or prognostic test, assay, or method concerns the ability ofthe test, assay, or method to distinguish between subjects havingarteriovascular disease, or at risk for arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event, is based on whether the subjects have an“effective amount” or a “significant alteration” in the levels of aARTERIORISKMARKER. By “effective amount” or “significant alteration,” itis meant that the measurement of an appropriate number ofARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be one or more) is different than thepredetermined cut-off point (or threshold value) for thatARTERIORISKMARKER(S) and therefore indicates that the subject hasarteriovascular disease or is at risk for having an arteriovascularevent for which the ARTERIORISKMARKER(S) is a determinant. Thedifference in the level of ARTERIORISKMARKER between normal and abnormalis preferably statistically significant. As noted below, and without anylimitation of the invention, achieving statistical significance, andthus the preferred analytical and clinical accuracy, generally but notalways requires that combinations of several ARTERIORISKMARKERS be usedtogether in panels and combined with mathematical algorithms in order toachieve a statistically significant ARTERIORISKMARKER index.

In the categorical diagnosis of a disease state, changing the cut pointor threshold value of a test (or assay) usually changes the sensitivityand specificity, but in a qualitatively inverse relationship. Therefore,in assessing the accuracy and usefulness of a proposed medical test,assay, or method for assessing a subject's condition, one should alwaystake both sensitivity and specificity into account and be mindful ofwhat the cut point is at which the sensitivity and specificity are beingreported because sensitivity and specificity may vary significantly overthe range of cut points. Use of statistics such as AUC, encompassing allpotential cut point values, is preferred for most categorical riskmeasures using the invention, while for continuous risk measures,statistics of goodness-of-fit and calibration to observed results orother gold standards, are preferred.

Using such statistics, an “acceptable degree of diagnostic accuracy”, isherein defined as a test or assay (such as the test of the invention fordetermining the clinically significant presence of ARTERIORISKMARKERS,which thereby indicates the presence of arteriovascular disease and/or arisk of having an arteriovascular event) in which the AUC (area underthe ROC curve for the test or assay) is at least 0.60, desirably atleast 0.65, more desirably at least 0.70, preferably at least 0.75, morepreferably at least 0.80, and most preferably at least 0.85.

By a “very high degree of diagnostic accuracy”, it is meant a test orassay in which the AUC (area under the ROC curve for the test or assay)is at least 0.80, desirably at least 0.85, more desirably at least0.875, preferably at least 0.90, more preferably at least 0.925, andmost preferably at least 0.95.

The predictive value of any test depends on the sensitivity andspecificity of the test, and on the prevalence of the condition in thepopulation being tested. This notion, based on Bayes' theorem, providesthat the greater the likelihood that the condition being screened for ispresent in an individual or in the population (pre-test probability),the greater the validity of a positive test and the greater thelikelihood that the result is a true positive. Thus, the problem withusing a test in any population where there is a low likelihood of thecondition being present is that a positive result has limited value(i.e., more likely to be a false positive). Similarly, in populations atvery high risk, a negative test result is more likely to be a falsenegative.

As a result, ROC and AUC can be misleading as to the clinical utility ofa test in low disease prevalence tested populations (defined as thosewith less than 1% rate of occurrences (incidence) per annum, or lessthan 10% cumulative prevalence over a specified time horizon).Alternatively, absolute risk and relative risk ratios as definedelsewhere in this disclosure can be employed to determine the degree ofclinical utility. Populations of subjects to be tested can also becategorized into quartiles by the test's measurement values, where thetop quartile (25% of the population) comprises the group of subjectswith the highest relative risk for developing arteriovascular disease oran arteriovascular event, and the bottom quartile comprising the groupof subjects having the lowest relative risk for developingarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. Generally, valuesderived from tests or assays having over 2.5 times the relative riskfrom top to bottom quartile in a low prevalence population areconsidered to have a “high degree of diagnostic accuracy,” and thosewith five to seven times the relative risk for each quartile areconsidered to have a “very high degree of diagnostic accuracy.”Nonetheless, values derived from tests or assays having only 1.2 to 2.5times the relative risk for each quartile remain clinically useful arewidely used as risk factors for a disease; such is the case with totalcholesterol and for many inflammatory biomarkers with respect to theirprediction of future arteriovascular events. Often such lower diagnosticaccuracy tests must be combined with additional parameters in order toderive meaningful clinical thresholds for therapeutic intervention, asis done with the aforementioned global risk assessment indices.

A health economic utility function is an yet another means of measuringthe performance and clinical value of a given test, consisting ofweighting the potential categorical test outcomes based on actualmeasures of clinical and economic value for each. Health economicperformance is closely related to accuracy, as a health economic utilityfunction specifically assigns an economic value for the benefits ofcorrect classification and the costs of misclassification of testedsubjects. As a performance measure, it is not unusual to require a testto achieve a level of performance which results in an increase in healtheconomic value per test (prior to testing costs) in excess of the targetprice of the test.

In general, alternative methods of determining diagnostic accuracy arecommonly used for continuous measures, when a disease category or riskcategory (such as those at risk for having an arteriovascular event) hasnot yet been clearly defined by the relevant medical societies andpractice of medicine, where thresholds for therapeutic use are not yetestablished, or where there is no existing gold standard for diagnosisof the pre-disease. For continuous measures of risk, measures ofdiagnostic accuracy for a calculated index are typically based on curvefit and calibration between the predicted continuous value and theactual observed values (or a historical index calculated value) andutilize measures such as R squared, Hosmer-Lemeshow P-value statisticsand confidence intervals. It is not unusual for predicted values usingsuch algorithms to be reported including a confidence interval (usually90% or 95% CI) based on a historical observed cohort's predictions, asin the test for risk of future breast cancer recurrence commercializedby Genomic Health, Inc. (Redwood City, Calif.).

In general, by defining the degree of diagnostic accuracy, i.e., cutpoints on a ROC curve, defining an acceptable AUC value, and determiningthe acceptable ranges in relative concentration of what constitutes aneffective amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the invention allows forone of skill in the art to use the ARTERIORISKMARKERS to identify,diagnose, or prognose subjects with a pre-determined level ofpredictability and performance.

Relative Performance of the Invention

Only a minority of individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS achieve an acceptabledegree of prognostic accuracy for future arteriovascular events. Arepresentative list of 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS, chosen as high prioritybased on the quality of the published scientific literature associatingthem with arteriovascular disease, was tested in the study design ofExample 1 below. An exhaustive enumerative analysis of all potentialsingle biomarker, two biomarker, and three biomarker and four biomarkerpanel combinations of this 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS was used to deriveindividual best fit LDA models to predict risk of conversion toarteriovascular events in the Example 1 populations (see FIG. 12 andTable 1 below). A fitted LDA model was developed for every possibleARTERIORISKMARKER combination of a given panel size and then analyzedfor its AUC statistic.

It is immediately apparent from the table below that there was a verylow likelihood of finding individual prognostic biomarkers with anacceptable diagnostic accuracy, even from such an enriched population ofARTERIORISKMARKERS as those cited in literature with evidence of anassociation with frank arteriovascular disease.

TABLE 1 Exhaustive Enumeration of All Single, Two, Three and Four MarkerCombination of ARTERIORISKMARKERS and Their Best Fit LDA Model AUCStatistics Total Possible Panels Single Markers 2 Marker Panels 3 MarkerPanels 4 Marker Panels All Panels with AUC 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00%35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00% equal or Greater Than: Count % of TotalCount % of Total Count % of Total Count % of Total 0.05 61 100.00% 1,830100.00% 35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00% 0.10 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00%35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00% 0.15 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990100.00% 521,855 100.00% 0.20 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990 100.00%521,855 100.00% 0.25 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990 100.00% 521,855100.00% 0.30 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00%0.35 61 100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00% 0.40 61100.00% 1,830 100.00% 35,990 100.00% 521,855 100.00% 0.45 60 98.36%1,829 99.95% 35,988 99.90% 521,855 100.00% 0.50 51 83.61% 1,760 96.17%35,740 98.31% 521,104 99.86% 0.55 25 40.98% 1,244 67.98% 30,169 83.83%481,357 92.24% 0.60 10 16.39% 672 36.72% 19,747 54.87% 363,849 69.72%0.65 2 3.28% 200 10.93% 7,970 22.15% 184,389 35.33% 0.70 1 1.64% 693.77% 2,573 7.16% 62,489 11.97% 0.75 — 0.00% 2 0.11% 198 0.55% 8,1531.56% 0.80 — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00% 29 0.01% 0.85 — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00%— 0.00% 0.90 — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00% 0.95 — 0.00% — 0.00% —0.00% — 0.00% 1.00 — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00% — 0.00%

As shown in FIG. 12, none of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS, out ofthe total 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS tested in Example 1, achieved an AUC of0.75 for the prediction of arteriovascular events even using a best fitunivariate LDA model. The individual ARTERIORISKMARKER parameters testedincluded many of the traditional laboratory risk factors and clinicalparameters commonly used in global risk assessment and indices forarteriovascular disease. Taken alone in a univariate best fit LDA model,only ten of the 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS achieved an acceptableAUC of 0.6 or better; this was less than one in five markers. Many ofthe ARTERIORISKMARKERS most useful in constructing panels of multipleARTERIORISKMARKERS were not in this group.

This analysis indicates that documented evidence of associations witharteriovascular disease, as was found in the published literature foreach of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS, does not necessarily grant a biomarkerprognostic utility for future arteriovascular events. In fact, only twoARTERIORISKMARKERS, Age and POMC, achieved an AUC of even 0.65 in aunivariate best fit LDA model, representing less than one in twenty ofthe total ARTERIORISKMARKERS tested in this relatively enrichedliterature selected grouping of ARTERISKMARKERS. Despite this lack of avery high level of diagnostic accuracy in any single ARTERIORISKMARKER,Age remains the most dominant factor in global risk assessmentalgorithms for predicting the risk of arteriovascular disease or ofarteriovascular events (such as in the Framingham Risk Score), andfurthermore remains the primary identification method and definition ofappropriate categories of subjects for the testing and diagnosis ofasymptomatic arteriovascular disease.

Even larger combinations utilizing multiple biomarkers infrequentlyachieve high model accuracy. A minimum combination of two or morebiomarkers (as taught in the invention herein) was required to achieve alevel of accuracy defined by an AUC of 0.75 or above within the Example1 data set. Across all 1,830 unique possible combinations, only twocombinations of two ARTERIORISKMARKERS yielded bivariate best fit LDAmodels which met this hurdle. Such two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinationsoccurred at an approximate rate of approximately one in a thousandpotential combinations. In contrast, two hundred unique bivariateARTERIORISKMARKER combinations met a model accuracy hurdle of an AUC of0.65 in the same data set. Each of these is disclosed in FIG. 13,including 69 two ARTERIORISKMARKER, combinations which met an AUC hurdleof 0.70. Combinations of two ARTERIORISKMARKERS making this higherhurdle occurred again in less than one in twenty of the potentialcombinations. All of these two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations with anAUC of 0.70 or better contained either Age or POMC as one of the twoincluded ARTERIORISKMARKERS.

After panel size was increased above bivariate ARTERIORISKMARKERScombination panels, additional other biomarkers also became participantsin the higher performing trivariate combinations of threeARTERIORISKMARKERS. Many of these combinations yielded acceptable LDAmodel performance, equal to or above an AUC of 0.60, both with andwithout the inclusion of either Age or POMC within the panel. In fact,certain combinations of three or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS were found toexhibit superior performance of an AUC of 0.70 or better, and are listedin FIG. 14, which presents 2,573 unique three ARTERIORISKMARKERcombinations. These include many without the inclusion of either Age orPOMC. The total three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations at this level ofperformance occurred in just over seven percent of the total group of35,990 unique combinations. Furthermore, included in the 2,573 are 198three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations which made an AUC of 0.75 orbetter. This represents less than one in one hundred of the totalpossible unique combinations of three or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS.

At combinations comprising four ARTERIORISKMARKERS, the total uniquecombinations represent 521,855 unique panels. Achieving an AUC of atleast 0.75 were 8,153, a less than one in fifty success rate; each ofthese four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations are enumerated in FIG. 15. Avery high level of diagnostic accuracy, representing an AUC of 0.8 wasfinally achieved in 29 of the panels listed therein. This representsless than one per ten thousand of the total possible unique combinationsof four or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS.

Notably, the preceding analysis of summarized in FIGS. 12 through 15also demonstrated that no single biomarker was required to practice theinvention at an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy, althoughseveral individually identified biomarkers are parts of the mostpreferred embodiments as disclosed below. It is a feature of theinvention that diagnostic or prognostic information lost due to removingone ARTERIORISKMARKER can often be replaced through substitution withone or more other ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and generically by increasing thepanel size, subject to the need to increase the study size in order forstudies examining very large models encompassing many ARTERIORISKMARKERSto remain statistically significant. It is also a feature of theinvention that overall performance and accuracy can often be improved byadding additional biomarkers (e.g., ARTERIORISKMARKERS, traditionallaboratory risk factors, and clinical parameters) as additional inputsto a formula or model, as demonstrated above in the relative performanceof univariate, bivariate, and trivariate models, and below in theperformance of larger models:

The ultimate determinant and gold standard of true risk ofarteriovascular events is actual conversions within a sufficiently largestudy population and observed over the length of time claimed, as wasdone in the Examples contained herein. However, this is problematic, asit is necessarily a retrospective point of view for the individualpatient. As a result, subjects suffering from or at risk of developingarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event are commonlydiagnosed or identified by methods known in the art, generally usingeither traditional laboratory risk factors or other non-analyte clinicalparameters, and future risk is estimated based on historical experienceand registry studies. Such methods include, but are not limited to,measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in vitrodetermination of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and glucose levels fromblood samples, stress tests, ankle-brachial indices (ABI) which is theratio of systolic blood pressure in the ankle arteries to the systolicblood pressure in the brachial arteries, measurement of human serumC-reactive protein (hsCRP), subfractions of LDL, electrocardiogram(ECG), imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), opticalcoherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS),carotid B-mode ultrasound, high-resolution IVUS, elastography(palpography), angioscopy, electron beam computed tomography (EBCT),magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as contrast-enhanced MRI withsuperparamagnetic iron oxide and gadolinium fluorine compounds, positronemission tomography (PET) such as fluorodeoxyglucose PET, single photonemission computed tomography (SPECT), immunoscintigraphy, and invasiveangiography.

For example, subjects considered at lower risk for developing anarteriovascular disease or experiencing an arteriovascular eventinclude, but are not limited to, the following favorable traditionalrisk factor traits: serum cholesterol less than 200 mg/dl, systolicblood pressure less than or equal to 120 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressureless than or equal to 80 mm Hg, non-current smoker, no history ofdiagnosed diabetes, normal insulin sensitivity and secretion, nopreviously diagnosed CAD, PAD, CVD or hypertension, and no base-lineelectrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. A subject's risk may be assessedby assessing either such single characteristics or by assessing anindividual's “index score” constructed mathematically of such singlemeasurement characteristics with reference to predicted risk from alongitudinal study series, as in the Framingham index and NCEP ATP IIIguidelines. However, even subjects who are asymptomatic and/or subjectwho do not exhibit any of the aforementioned risk factors, or with lowpredicted risk, for arteriovascular disease may be at risk for anarteriovascular event. Therefore, the ARTERIORISKMARKERS and methods ofuse disclosed herein provide for identification and diagnosis ofarteriovascular disease or risk of arteriovascular events in suchasymptomatic subjects, and to further and more accurately risk stratifyboth higher and lower risk subjects beyond their predicted risk asassessed by the presence or absence of arteriovascular disease symptoms,traditional risk factors, indices, and guidelines.

Subjects considered at high risk may exhibit baseline ECG abnormalities.Normal heart rate observable by ECG is usually between 60 and 100 beatsper minute and the rhythm appears regular. P waves, QRS complexes, Twaves appear normal. ST segments are not elevated above or depressedbelow the baseline of the ECG tracing. The P wave is a record of themovement of electrical activity through the upper heart chambers(atria). The QRS complex is a record of the movement of electricalimpulses through the lower heart chambers (ventricles). The ST segmentusually appears as a straight, level line between the QRS complex andthe T wave. Elevated or lowered ST segments may mean the heart muscle isdamaged or not receiving enough blood. The T wave corresponds to theperiod when the lower heart chambers are relaxing electrically andpreparing for their next muscle contraction. However, normal-appearingECG can occur even in the presence of heart disease.

Abnormalities observed by ECG include heart rhythm. There are manydifferent kinds of irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). A heart rate lessthan 60 beats per minutes is called a “bradycardia”. A heart rategreater than 100 beats per minutes is called a “tachycardia”. Examplesof tachycardias may include a fast, irregular heart rhythm thatoriginates in the ventricle (ventricular fibrillation) or a fast,regular heart rhythm that begins in the atrium (atrial flutter).Abnomial conduction of the electrical impulse in the heart can also beseen in other types of arrhythmias.

If the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle areblocked, the muscle may receive less oxygen and may begin to die(ischemia or heart attack), This damage to the heart muscle may show upon the electrocardiogram. Early ECG signs of poor blood flow to theheart may include lowered (depressed) ST segments, Early ECG signs ofheart attack often include raised (elevated) ST segments. Later, as theheart attack persists, Q waves on the ECG may appear and become deeper.

Certain changes in the ECG may suggest thickening of the muscle walls ofone or more heart chambers. Conditions that may cause hypertrophy of oneor more heart chambers include high blood pressure, coronary arterydisease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or heart valve disease. ElevatedST segments on the ECG may indicate an inflammation of the heart muscle(myocarditis) or the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis). Propercontraction of the heart depends upon normal levels of electrolytes inthe blood, such as calcium and potassium. Too much or too little ofthese electrolytes results in certain rhythm abnormalities, such asabnormal changes in the P wave, QRS complex, or T wave that can be seenon an electrocardiogram. Certain medications for the heart and otherconditions can result in ECG changes.

Subjects at increased risk for developing an arteriovascular disease,and for experiencing arteriorvascular events, can include, withoutlimitation, BMI over 25 (BMI between 25-29 are considered “overweight”,while BMI of 30 or above is considered “obese”), waist circumference of40 inches or larger in men or 35 inches or larger in women; currentsmoking of at least 5 cigarettes per day on average, systolic bloodpressure of greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressureof greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, fasting hyperglycemia, e.g.,glucose levels of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl (wherein subjectswho exhibit these glucose levels are considered to be diabetic), andimpaired fasting glucose (glucose greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl butbelow 126 mg/dl).

As noted above, risk prediction for arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event can also encompass risk prediction algorithms andcomputed indices that assess and estimate a subject's absolute risk fordeveloping arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event withreference to a historical cohort. Risk assessment using such predictivemathematical algorithms and computed indices has increasingly beenincorporated into guidelines for diagnostic testing and treatment, andencompass indices obtained from and validated with, inter alia,stratified samples from a representative population.

As previously mentioned, despite the numerous studies and algorithmsthat have been used to assess the risk of arteriovascular disease, theevidence-based, multiple risk factor assessment approach is onlymoderately accurate for the prediction of short- and long-term risk ofmanifesting an arteriovascular event, particularly sudden death, inasymptomatic or otherwise healthy subjects. Such risk predictionalgorithms can be advantageously used with the ARTERIORISKMARKERS of thepresent invention to distinguish between subjects in a population ofinterest to determine the risk stratification of developingarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. TheARTERIORISKMARKERS and methods of use disclosed herein provide toolsthat can be used in combination with such risk prediction algorithms toassess, identify, or diagnose subjects who are asymptomatic and do notexhibit the traditional risk factors.

The data derived from risk factors, risk prediction algorithms, and fromthe methods of the present invention can be combined and compared byknown statistical techniques in order to compare the relativeperformance of the invention to the other techniques.

Furthermore, the application of such techniques to panels of multipleARTERIORISKMARKERS is encompassed by or within the ambit of the presentinvention, as is the use of such combinations and formulae to createsingle numerical “risk indices” or “risk scores” encompassinginformation from multiple ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs.

Risk Markers of the Invention (ARTERIORISKMARKERS)

The biomarkers and methods of the present invention allow one of skillin the art to identify, diagnose, or otherwise assess those subjects whodo not exhibit any symptoms of arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event, but who nonetheless may be at risk for developingarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, or experiencingsymptoms characteristic of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascularevent.

One thousand and twenty-three analyte-based biomarkers have beenidentified as being found to have altered or modified presence orconcentration levels in subjects who have arteriovascular disease, orwho exhibit symptoms characteristic of arteriovascular disease or anarteriovascular event.

Table 2 comprises the one thousand and twenty-three analyte-basedARTERIORISKMARKERS of the present invention, where the ARTERIORISKMARKERcan be assigned to a single gene or gene product, and specificallyexcluding. One skilled in the art will recognize that theARTERIORISKMARKERS presented herein encompasses all forms and variants,including but not limited to, polymorphisms, isoforms, mutants,derivatives, precursors including nucleic acids and pro-proteins,cleavage products, receptors (including soluble and transmembranereceptors), ligands, protein-ligand complexes, and post-translationallymodified variants (such as cross-linking or glycosylation), fragments,and degradation products, as well as any multi-unit nucleic acid,protein, and glycoprotein structures comprised of any of theARTERIORISKMARKERS as constituent sub-units of the fully assembledstructure.

TABLE 2 ARTERIORISKMARKERS Gene ARTERIORISKMARKER Official Name CommonName Symbol 1 alpha-2-macroglobulin alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) -alpha 2M, A2M alpha 2-macroglobulin 2 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A(ABC1), ABCA1 - ABC-1, ABC1, CERP, HDLDT1, ABCA1 member 1 TGD, ATPbinding cassette transporter 1; ATP- binding cassette 1; ATP-bindingcassette transporter-1; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 1;cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, high density lipoproteindeficiency, Tangier type, 1; membrane-bound 3 ATP-binding cassette,sub-family B Multi Drug Resistance 1 - ABC20, CD243, ABCB1 (MDR/TAP),member 1 CLCS, GP170, MDR1, P-gp, PGY1, ATP- binding cassette sub-familyB member 1, P glycoprotein 1; P-glycoprotein 1; colchicin sensitivity;doxorubicin resistance; multidrug resistance 1 4 acetyl-Coenzyme Acarboxylase beta acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase beta - ACC2, ACACB ACCB,HACC275, acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2 5 acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4to C- medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase ACADM 12 straight chain6 angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (peptidyl- angiotensin-convertingenzyme (ACE) - ACE1, ACE dipeptidase A) 1 CD143, DCP, DCP1, CD143antigen; angiotensin 1 converting enzyme; angiotensin converting enzyme,somatic isoform, carboxycathepsin; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1;kininase 11; peptidase P; peptidy1-dipeptidase A; testicular ECA 7angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (peptidyl- deletion/deletion (D/D)genotype of the ACE dipeptidase A) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)is PROTECTIVE against VTE (venous thromboembolism)/insertion/deletion(I/D) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism - ACE1,CD143, DCP, DCPl, CDl43 antigen; angiotensin 1 converting enzyme;angiotensin converting enzyme, somatic isoform; carboxycathepsin;dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1; kininase 11; peptidase P;peptidyl-dipeptidase A; testicular ECA 8 acyl-CoA synthetasemedium-chain family fatty acid-CoA ligase-like enzyme polypeptide -ACSM2 member 2 HXMA, HYST1046, xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid: CoAligase 9 actin, alpha 1, skeletal muscle skeletal a-actin - ACTA, ASMA,CFTD, ACTA1 CFTD1, CFTDM, MPFD, NEM1, NEM2, NEM3, alpha 1 actin; alphaskeletal muscle actin 10 actin, alpha, cardiac muscle cardial a-actin -CMD1R, cardiac muscle alpha ACTC actin; smooth muscle actin 11 actin,gamma 2, smooth muscle, enteric smooth muscule a actin - ACT, ACTA3,ACTE, ACTG2 ACTL3, ACTSG, actin, gamma 2; actin-like protein;alpha-actin 3; smooth muscle gamma actin 12 actinin, alpha 1alpha(1)-actinin - alpha-actinin 1 ACTN1 13 adducin 1 (alpha)alpha-adducin ADD1 14 adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain Adiponectin -ACDC, ACRP30, APM-1, APM1, AD1POQ containing GBP28, adiponectin,adipocyte, C1Q and collagen domain-containing; adipocyte, C1Q andcollagen domain-containing; adiponectin; adipose most abundant genetranscript 1; gelatin- binding protein 28 15 adiponectin receptor 1 GProtein Coupled Receptor AdipoRl - AD1POR1 ACDCR1, CG1-45, PAQR1,TESBP1A 16 adiponectin receptor 2 G Protein Coupled Receptor AdipoR2 -AD1POR2 ACDCR2, PAQR2 17 adrenomedullin receptor AdrenomedullinReceptor - 7TMR, AMR, ADMR gamrh, hrhAMR, G-protein coupled receptor 18adenosine Al receptor G-protein-coupled receptor adenosine A1- RDC7ADORA1 19 adenosine A2b receptor G-protein-coupled receptor adenosineA2B - ADORA2B ADORA2 20 adenosine A3 receptor G-protein-coupled receptoradenosine A3 - ADORA3 A3AR, AD026, AD026 protein (AD026) 21 adrenergic,alpha-1A-, receptor Alpha-1A Adrenergic Receptor, ADRA1A - ADRA1AADRA1C, ADRA1L1, ALPHA1AAR, G protein coupled receptor; adrenergic,alpha - 1A-, receptor; adrenergic, alpha-1C-, receptor; alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor 22 adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptorbeta2-adrenergic receptor - ADRA1, ADRA1B ALPHA1BAR, alpha-1B-adrenergicreceptor 23 adrenergic, alpha-1D-, receptor adrenergic alpha 1Dreceptor - ADRA1, ADRA1D ADRA1A, ADRA1R, ALPHA1, DAR, adrenergic, alpha-1D-, receptor; adrenergic, alpha-1A-, receptor; alpha-1D-adrenergicreceptor 24 adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor G protein-coupled alpha2A-adrenoceptor ADRA2A (ADRA2A) - ADRA2, ADRA2R, ADRAR, ALPHA2AAR,ZNF32, alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor; alpha-2AAR subtype C10; alpha2Aadrenergic receptor 25 adrenergic, alpha-2B-, receptor ADRA2L1,ADRA2RL1, ADRARL1, ADRA2B ALPHA2BAR, G-protein coupled receptor;adrenergic receptor alpha 2B; alpha-2-adrenergic receptor-like 1;alpha-2B-adrenergic receptor 26 adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface GProtein- Coupled Beta-2 Adrenoceptor - ADRB2 ADRB2R, ADRBR, B2AR, BAR,BETA2AR, beta-2 adrenergic receptor; beta-2 adrenoceptor; catecholaminereceptor 27 adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface beta2-adrenergicreceptor - ADRB2R, ADRBR, ADRB2 B2AR, BAR, BETA2AR, beta-2 adrenergicreceptor; beta-2 adrenoceptor; catecholamine receptor 28 adrenergic,beta-3-, receptor beta- 3- adrenergic receptor - BETA3AR, Beta-3 ADRB3Adrenergic Receptor 29 adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 1 G Protein-Dependent Receptor Kinase 2 ADRBK1 (GRK2) - BARK1, BETA-ARK1, GRK2, betaadrenergic receptor kinase 1 30 alpha-fetoprotein serumalpha-fetoprotein - FETA, HPAFP, alpha- AFP 1-fetoprotein;alpha-fetoglobulin 31 advanced glycosylation end product specific RAGE -advanced glycosylation end product- AGER receptor specific receptorRAGE3; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor variantsRAGE1; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor variantsRAGE2; receptor for advanced glycosylation end- products; solublereceptor 32 I-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase acylglycerolacyltransferase-like protein MGAT- AGPAT7 7 (lysophosphatidic acidacyltransferase, eta) X2 - AYTL3, LPAAT-eta, PLSC domain containingprotein; acyltransferase like 3 33 angiotensinogen (serpin peptidaseinhibitor, AGT M235T variant of angiotensinogen (AGT) AGT clade A,member 8) gene & see patent info - ANHU, SERP1NA8, angiotensin I;angiotensin II precursor; angiotensinogen; angiotensinogen (serine (orcysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8); angiotensinogen(serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 8); pre- angiotensinogen 34angiotensin II receptor, type 1 G protein-Coupled Receptor AGTR1A -AG2S, AGTR1 AGTR1A, AGTR1B, AT1, AT1B, AT2R1, AT2R1A, AT2R1B, HAT1R,angiotensin receptor 1; angiotensin receptor 1B; type-1B angiotensin IIreceptor 35 angiotensin II receptor, type 2 G protein-coupled ReceptorAGTR2 - AT2, AGTR2 ATGR2, MRX88, angiotensin receptor 2 36 angiotensinII receptor-like I G Protein- Counled Apelin Receptor - APJ, AGTRL1angiotensin receptor-like 1 37 aryl hydrocarbon receptor arylhydrocarbon receptor - AH-receptor; AHR aromatic hydrocarbon receptor 38alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, A2HS, AHS, FETUA, AHSGHSGA, Alpha-2HS-glycoprotein; fetuin-A 39 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein1 kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 1 - AKAP, AKAP1 AKAP121, AKAP149, AKAP84,D-AKAP1, PRKA1, SAKAP84, A-kinase anchor protein 1; A-kinase anchorprotein, 149 kD; dual-specificity A-kinase anchoring protein 1; proteinkinase A anchoring protein 1; protein kinase Al; spermatid A-kinaseanchor protein 84 40 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 10 A kinase (PRKA)anchor protein 10 - D-AKAP2, AKAP10 PRKA10, A-kinase anchor protein 10;dual- specificity A-kinase anchoring protein 2; mitochondrial A kinasePPKA anchor protein 10; protein kinase A anchoring protein 10 41 Akinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13 -AKAP- AKAP13 Lbc, BRX, HA-3, Ht31, LBC, PROTO-LB, PROTO-LBC, c-1bc,A-kinase anchor protein 13; A-kinase anchoring protein; breast cancernuclear receptor-binding auxiliary protein; guanine nucleotide exchangefactor Lbc; lymphoid blast crisis oncogene 42 aldo-keto reductase family1, member Al aldehyde reductase: ALR; ALDR1 AKR1Al (aldehyde reductase)43 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member Bl0 aldose reductase andaldehyde reductase - AKRlBl0 (aldose reductase) AKR1B11, AKR1B12,ALDRLn, ARL-1, ARL1, H1S, HS1, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10;aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B11 (aldose reductase-like); aldosereductase-like l; aldose reductase-like peptide; aldosereductase-related protein; small intestine reductase 44 v-akt murinethymoma viral oncogene Ser/Thr kinase Akt - PKB, PRKBA, RAC, RAC- AKT1homolog 1 ALPHA, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; murinethymoma viral (v-akt) oncogene homolog-l; protein kinase B; rac proteinkinase alpha 45 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene Ser/Thr kinase Akt -PKBG, PRKBG, RAC-PK- AKT3 homolog 3 (protein kinase B, gamma) gamma,RAC-gamma, STK-2, RAC-gamma serine/threonine protein kinase; proteinkinase B gamma; serine threonine protein kinase, Akt-3; v-akt murinethymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 46 albumin Ischemia-modified albumin(IMA) - cell growth ALB inhibiting protein 42; growth-inhibiting protein20; serum albumin 47 aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family Aldehydedehydrogenase - ALDH-E2, ALDHl, ALDH2 (mitochondrial) ALDM, ALDH class2; acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2; liver mitochondrial ALDH; mitochondrialaldehyde dehydrogenase 2; nucleus-encoded mitochondrial aldehydedehydrogenase 2 48 Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate Aldolase C -aldolase 3; brain-type aldolase; ALDOC fructoaldolase C;fructose-1,6-biphosphate triosephosphate lyase; fructose-bisphosphatealdolase C 49 alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursoralpha-l-microglobulin - HCP, ITI, ITIL, UTI, AMBPAlpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (inter- alpha-trypsin inhibitor,light chain; protein HC); Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor;inter- alpha-trypsin; alpha-l-microglobulin/bikunin; growth-inhibitingprotein 19 50 adenosine monophosphate deaminase I adenosinemonophosphate deaminase I (isoform AMPDI (isoform M) M) - MAD, MADA,Adenosine monophosphate deaminase-1 (muscle) 51 angiogenin,ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5 angiogenin - RNASE4, RNASE5 ANG 52angiopoietin 2 angiopoietin 2, AGPT2, ANG2, Tie2-ligand; ANGPT2angiopoietin-2; angiopoietin-2B; angiopoietin-2a 53 alanyl (membrane)aminopeptidase Aminopeptidase N - CD13, LAPl, PEPN, ANPEP(aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase M, gp150, aminopeptidase M;aminopeptidase N; microsomal aminopeptidase, CD13, p150) membranealanine arninopeptidase; microsomal aminopeptidase 54 annexin A1annexins - ANXl, LPCl, annexin I; annexin I ANXA1 (lipocortin I);lipocortin I 55 annexin A2 annexins - ANX2, ANX2L4, CAL1F, L1P2, ANXA2LPC2, LPC2D, P36, PAP-IV, annexin II; calpactin I heavy polypeptide;chromobindin 8; lipocortin II; placental anticoagulant protein IV 56annexin A3 annexins - ANX3, Annexin III (lipocortin III); ANXA3 annexinIII (lipocortin III, 1,2-cyclic-inositol- phosphate phosphodiesterase,placental anticoagulant protein III, calcimedin 35-alpha); calcimedin35-alpha 57 annexin A4 annexins - ANX4, P1G28, annexin IV; annexin ANXA4IV (placental anticoagulant protein II); placental anticoagulant proteinII; proliferation-inducing gene 28; proliferation-inducing protein 28 58annexin AS circulating annexin V+ apoptotic microparticles ANXA5 inperipheral blood (Entered annexin V0 into Entrez), ANX5, ENX2, PP4,anchorin CII; annexin 5; endonexin II; lipocortin V; placentalanticoagulant protein 1 59 apolipoprotein A-I apolipoproteins A-1 and B,amyloidosis; APOA1 apolipoprotein A-I, preproprotein; apolipoprotein AI;preproapolipoprotein 60 apolipoprotein A-I apoA-I, amyloidosis;apolipoprotein A-I, APOA1 preproprotein; apolipoprotein AI;preproapolipoprotein 61 apolipoprotein A-II Apolipoprotein A-II APOA2 62apolipoprotein A-IV APOA4 - APOA4 63 APOA5 and Name: apolipoprotein A-VAPOA5 - APOA-V, APOAV, RAP3, APOA5 apolipoprotein A5; apolipoprotein AV;regeneration-associated protein 3 64 apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x)antigen) apolipoproteins A-I and B - Apolipoprotein B, APOB FLDB,apoB-100; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B48 65apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen) APOB - FLDB, apoB-100;apoB-48; APOB apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B48 66 apolipoprotein C-Iapolipoprotein C-I APOC1 67 apolipoprotein C-II APOC2 - APOC2 68apolipoprotein C-III APOC3 - APOCIII APOC3 69 apolipoprotein Dapolipoprotein D - APOD 70 apolipoprotein E Apolipoprotein E - AD2,apoprotein, Alzheimer APOE disease 2 (APOE*E4-associated, late onset);apolipoprotein E precursor; apolipoprotein E3 71 apolipoprotein H(beta-2-glycoprotein 1) beta2GP1 - B2G1, BG, apolipoprotein H; beta-2-APOH glycoprotein 1 72 apolipoprotein L, 1 apolipoprotein L1 -apolipoprotein L-1 APOL1 73 apolipoprotein M apolipoprotein M - G3a,HSPC336, NG20, APOM NG20-like protein; alternative name: G3a, NG20 74v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene Raf protein - A-RAF, ARAF1,PKS2, RAFA1, ARAF homolog Oncogene ARAF1; Ras-binding protein DA-Raf;v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene homolog 1 75 Rho GTPaseactivating protein 1 Rho GTPase activating protein 1 - CDC42GAP ARHGAP1RHOGAP, RHOGAP1, p50rhoGAP, CDC42 GTPase-activating protein 76 type 1tumor necrosis factor receptor puromycin-insensitive leucyl-specificARTS-1 shedding aminopeptidase regulator aminopeptidase -A-LAP, ALAP,APP1LS, ARTS1, ERAAP, ERAP1, P1LSAP, adipocyte- derived leucineaminopeptidase; aminopeptidase P1LS 77 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase(acid Acid ceramidase: AC; PHP; ASAH; PHP32 ASAH1 ceramidase) 1 78N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (non- acid ceramidase - HNAC1,N-acylsphingosine ASAH2 lysosomal ceramidase) 2 amidohydrolase(non-lysosomal ceramidase) 2B; N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 2; acidceramidase; mitochondrial ceramidase; neutral ceramidase;neutral/alkaline ceramidase; non- lysosomal ceramidase 79 aspartatebeta-hydroxylase asparagine hydroxylase - BAH, CASQ2BP1, ASPH HAAH,JCTN, junctin, aspartyl/asparaginyl- beta-hydroxylase; humbug; junctate;junctin isoform 1; peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase 80 ATPase, Na+/K+transporting, alpha 1 cation transport ATPase-like - Na+, K+ ATPaseATP1A1 polypeptide alpha subunit; Na+/K+ -ATPase alpha 1 subunit; Na+/K+ATPase 1; Na, K-ATPase, alpha-A catalytic polypeptide; Na, K-ATPasealpha-1 subunit; Na, K-ATPase catalytic subunit alpha-A protein;Na/K-ATPase alpha subunit fragment (aa 1-149); sodium pump 1;sodium-potassium- ATPase, alpha 1 polypeptide 81 ATPase, Na+/K+transporting, alpha 2 (+) ATPase, Na+1K+ transporting, alpha 2 (+) -ATP1A2 polypeptide FHM2, MHP2, Na+/K+ -ATPase alpha 2 subunitproprotein; Na+/K+ ATPase 2; Na+/K+ ATPase, alpha-A(+) catalyticpolypeptide; Na+/K+ ATPase, alpha-B polypeptide; migraine, hemiplegic 2;sodium pump 2; sodium- potassium ATPase; sodium/potassium- transportingATPase alpha-2 chain 82 ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 4 cationtransport ATPase - ATP1A1, ATP1AL2, ATP1A4 polypeptide ATPase, Na+/K+transporting, alpha polypeptide-like 2; Na+/K+ -ATPase alpha 4 subunit;Na+/K+ ATPase 4; Na+/K+ ATPase, alpha-D polypeptide; Na, K-ATPasesubunit alpha-C; sodium pump 4; sodium/potassium- transporting ATPasealpha-4 chain 83 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, ATPase, Ca++transporting, cardiac muscle, fast ATP2A1 fast twitch 1 twitch 1 - 12 -ATP2A, SERCA1, ATPase, Ca++ transporting, fast twitch 1; SRCa(2+)-ATPase 1; calcium pump 1; calcium-transporting ATPasesarcoplasmic reticulum type, fast twitch skeletal muscle isoform;endoplasmic reticulum class 1/2 Ca(2+) ATPase; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmicreticulum calcium ATPase 1 924 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiacmuscle, cation transport ATPase - ATP2B, DAR, DD, ATP2A2 slow twitch 2SERCA2, ATPase, Ca++ dependent, slow- twitch, cardiac muscle-2; SRCa(2+)-ATPase 2; calcium pump 2; calcium-transporting ATPasesarcoplasmic reticulum type, slow twitch skeletal muscle isoform;endoplasmic reticulum class 1/2 Ca(2+) ATPase; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmicreticulum calcium ATPase 2 925 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, ubiquitousSERCA3, ATPase, Ca(2+)-transporting, ATP2A3 ubiquitous; SR Ca(2+)-ATPase3; adenosine triphosphatase, calcium; calcium pump 3;calcium-translocating P-type ATPase; sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 3f;sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 926Thrombin-Antithrombin III autoantibody 927 anti-PF4/heparin antibodies(for recurrent autoantibody thrombotic events after acute coronarysyndromes) 928 anticardiolipin, anti-CL autoantibody 84 Endothelial cellreactive antibody (ECRA)/anti- autoantibody endothelial endothelial cellantibodies (AECA) 85 plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex autoantibody 86arginine vasopressin (neurophysin II, copeptin - ADH, ARVP, AVP-NPII,AVRP, VP, AVP antidiuretic hormone, diabetes insipidus, argininevasopressin-neurophysin II; neurohypophyseal) vasopressin-neurophysinII-copeptin, vasopressin 87 arginine vasopressin receptor 1A argininevasopressin receptor 1 - SCCL AVPR1A vasopressin subtype 1a receptor;V1-vascular vasopressin receptor AVPR1A; V1a vasopressin receptor;antidiuretic hormone receptor 1A; vascular/hepatic-type argininevasopressin receptor 929 arginine vasopressin receptor 1B argininevasopressin receptor 3 - AVPR3, AVPR1B antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B;arginine vasopressin receptor 3; pituitary vasopressin receptor 3;vasopressin V1B receptor 88 arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (nephrogenicarginine vasopressin receptor 2 - ADHR, DII, AVPR2 diabetes insipidus)DIR, DIR3, NDI, V2R, arginine vasopressin receptor 2 89 ChlamydiaPneumoniae (Cp) infection Bacteria 90 HLA-B associated transcript 3BAT3 - G3, HLA-B associated transcript-3; BAT3 large proline-richprotein BAT3; scythe, A-B associated transcript 3 A cluster of genes 91HLA-B associated transcript 4 BAT4 - G5, HLA-B associated transcript-4BAT4 A-B associated transcript 4 A 92 HLA-B associated transcript 5BAT5 - NG26, HLA-B associated transcript-5, BAT5 A-B associatedtranscript 5 A 93 BCL2-associated X protein Bax - Bax zeta, apoptosisregulator BAX BAX 94 basal cell adhesion molecule (Lutheran blood AU,CD239, LU, MSK19, Auberger b antigen; BCAM group) B-CAM cell surfaceglycoprotein; B-cell adhesion molecule; F8/G253 antigen; Lutheran bloodgroup (Auberger b antigen included); antigen identified by monoclonalantibody F8; basal cell adhesion molecule; basal cell adhesion molecule(Lu and Au blood groups); glycoprotein 95 kDa 95 branched chainaminotransferase 1, cytosolic branched chain aminotransferase 1,cytosolic: BCAT1 BCT1, ECA39, MECA39 96 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2BCL-2-Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma protein 2 BCL2 97 3-hydroxybutyratedehydrogenase, type 1 BDH, MGC2723, MGC4347, MGC9788; (R)-3- BDH1hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 3- hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (heart, mitochondrial);D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial 98 Burkitt lymphomareceptor 1, GTP binding CXC chemokine receptor 5 - CD185, CXCR5, BLR1protein (chemokine (C-X-C motif) MDR15, Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1;Burkitt receptor 5) lymphoma receptor 1, GTP-binding protein; Burkittlymphoma receptor 1, isoform 1; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5;monocyte-derived receptor 15 99 BMP2 inducible kinase BMP-2 induciblekinase - B1KE, BMP-2 BMP2K inducible kinase 100 v-raf murine sarcomaviral oncogene Raf protein - B-raf 1, BRAF1, RAFB1, 94 kDa BRAF homologB1 B-raf protein; Murine sarcoma viral (v-raf) oncogene homolog B1 101bromodomain containing 3 bromodomain containing 3 1 - ORFX, RING3L, BRD3RING3-like gene; bromodomain containing protein 3;bromodomain-containing 3 102 BUB1 budding uninhibited by Bub1 - BUB1A,BUB1L, hBUB1, BUB1 BUB1 benzimidazoles 1 homolog (yeast) buddinguninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog; budding uninhibited bybenzimidazoles 1 (yeast homolog); mitotic spindle checkpoint kinase;putative serine/threoninc-protein kinase 103 complement component 3complement C3 - acylation-stimulating protein C3 cleavage product;complement component C3, ASP; CPAMD1 104 complement component 3areceptor 1 G protein coupled receptor C3AR1 (complement C3AR1 component3a receptor 1) - AZ3B, C3AR, HNFAG09, complement component 3 receptor 1105 complement component 4A (Rodgers blood complement C4 - C4Aanaphylatoxin; Rodgers C4A group) form of C4; acidic C4; c4 propeptide;complement component 4A; complement component C4B 106 complementcomponent 4B (Childo blood C4A, C4A13, C4A91, C4B1, C4B12, C4B2, C4Bgroup) C4B3, C4B5, C4F, CH, CO4, CPAMD3, C4 complement C4d region; Chidoform of C4; basic C4; complement C4B; complement component 4B;complement component 4B, centromeric; complement component 4B,telomeric; complement component C4B 107 complement component 5a receptor1 COMPLEMENT COMPONENT 5a C5AR1 RECEPTOR - C5A, C5AR, C5R1, CD88, C5aanaphylatoxin receptor; C5a receptor; complement component 5 receptor 1(C5a ligand); complement component-5 receptor-2 (C5a ligand) 108calcitonin receptor calcitonin receptor - CRT, CTR, CTR 1 CALCR 109calcitonin receptor-like calcitonin receptor-like receptor - CGRPR,CALCRL CRLR 110 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase BL-CAM: CaMkinase II beta subunit; CaM- CAMK2B (CaM kinase) II beta? kinase II betachain; CaMK-ll beta subunit; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseIIB; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II beta chain;proline rich calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 111 caspase 3,apoptosis-related cysteine caspase-3: PARP cleavage protease; SREBPCASP3 peptidase cleavage activity 1; Yama; apopain; caspase 3; caspase3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease; cysteine protease CPP32;procaspase3 112 caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine caspase 8 - CAP4,FLICE, MACH, MCH5, CASP8 peptidase FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-likeprotease; MACH-alpha-1/2/3 protein; MACH-beta- 1/2/3/4 protein; Mch5isoform alpha; caspase 8; caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteineprotease; cysteine protease; procaspase-8; procaspase-8L 116 caspase 9,apoptosis-related cysteine caspase 9 - APAF-3, APAF3, CASPASE-9c, CASP9peptidase ICE-LAP6, MCH6, ICE-like apoptotic protease 6; apoptoticprotease MCH-6; apoptotic protease activating factor 3; caspase 9;caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine protease; caspase-9c protein 113cholecystokinin B receptor cholecystokinin receptor B - CCK-B, GASR -CCKBR CCK2 receptor; cholecystokinin-B receptor/gastrin receptor;gastrin receptor; gastrin\cholecystokinin brain receptor 114 chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 1 I-309; P500; SCYa1; SISe; TCA3; T CCL1lymphocyte-secreted protein 1-309; inflammatory cytokine 1-309; smallinducible cytokine A 1; small inducible cytokine A1 (I-309, homologousto mouse Tca-3) 115 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 eosinophilchemotactic protein; eotaxin; small CCL11 inducible cytokine A11; smallinducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 11; small induciblecytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 11 (eotaxin) 117 chemokine (C-Cmotif) ligand 12 Scyal2 CCL12 120 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 CCchemokine ligand 19; CK beta-11; EB11- CCL19 ligand chemokine;OTTHUMP00000000531; beta chemokine exodus-3; exodus-3; macrophageinflammatory protein 3-beta; small inducible cytokine A19; smallinducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 19 118 chemokine (C-Cmotif) ligand 2 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) - CCL2GDCF-2, GDCF-2 HC11, HC11, HSMCR30, MCAF, MCP-1, MCP1, SCYA2, SMC-CF,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; monocyte chemotactic and activatingfactor; monocyte chemotactic protein 1, homologous to mouse Sig-je;monocyte secretory protein JE; small inducible cytokine A2; smallinducible cytokine A2 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1, homologous tomouse Sig-je); small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 2119 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 Efficient Chemoattractant forLymphocytes; CCL21 OTTHUMP00000000526; OTTHUMP00000000527; betachemokine exodus-2; exodus-2; secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine; smallinducible cytokine A21; small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys),member 21 121 chemokine (C-C motif)ligand 3 GOS19-l; LD78ALPHA;M1P-1-alpha; M1P1A; CCL3 SCYA3; LD78 alpha beta; small induciblecytokine A3; small inducible cytokine A3 (homologous to mouse Mip-1A)122 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 ACT2; AT744.1; G-26; LAG1; MGC104418;CCL4 M1P-1-beta; MGC126025; M1P1B; MGC126026; SCYA2; SCYA4; CC chemokineligand 4; chemokine C-C motif ligand 4; lymphocyte-activation gene 1;secreted protein G-26; small inducible cytokine A4 (homologous to mouseMip-1B) 123 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 S1S-delta; T-cell specificRANTES protein; T- CCL5 cell specific protein p288; beta-chemokineRANTES; regulated upon activation, normally T-expressed, and presumablysecreted; small inducible cytokine A5; small inducible cytokine A5(RANTES); small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 5 124chemokine (c-C motif) ligand 7 F1C, MARC; MCP-3; MCP3; MGC138463; CCL7MGC138465; NC28; SCYA6; SCYA7; monocyte chemoattractant protein 3; smallinducible cytokine A7; small inducible cytokine A7 (monocyte chemotacticprotein 3) 125 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 chemokine (C-C motif)ligand 7, F1C, MARC, CCL7 MCP-3, MCP3, MGC138463, MGC138465, NC28,SCYA6, SCYA7, monocyte chemoattractant protein 3; monocyte chemotacticprotein 3; small inducible cytokine A7; small inducible cytokine A7(monocyte chemotactic protein 3) 126 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, HC14, MCP-2, CCL8 MCP2, SCYA10, SCYA8,monocyte chemoattractant protein 2; monocyte chemotactic protein 2;small inducible cytokine A8; small inducible cytokine subfamily A(Cys-Cys), member 8; small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys),member 8 (monocyte chemotactic protein 2) 127 chemokine (C-C motif)ligand 9 CCL10, Scya10, Scya9 CCL9 128 cyclin A2 cyclin A - CCN1, CCNA,cyclin A CCNA2 129 cyclin B1 CCNB1 - G2/mitotic-specific cyclin B1 CCNB1130 cyclin D1 cyclin D - BCL1, PRAD1, U21B31, B-cell CCND1 CLL/lymphoma1; G1/S-specific cyclin Dl; cyclin D1 (PRAD1: parathyroid adenomatosis1); parathyroid adenomatosis 1 131 cyclin E1 CycE: cyclin Es; cyclin EtCCNE1 132 cyclin H CycH: CDK-activating kinase; MO15- CCNH associatedprotein; cyclin-dependent kinase- activating kinase 133 chemokine (C-Cmotif) receptor 1 CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) - CD191, CCR1 CKR-1,CMKBR1, HM145, MIP1aR, SCYAR1, RANTES receptor 134 chemokine (C-C motif)receptor 10 chemokine receptor 10 - GPR2, CC chemokine CCR10 receptor10; G protein-coupled receptor 2 135 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 - CC-CKR-2, CCR2 CCR2A, CCR2B, CD192, CKR2,CKR2A, CKR2B, CMKBR2, MCP-1-R, MCP-1 receptor; chemokine (C-C) receptor2; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor; monocyte chemotacticprotein 1 receptor 136 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 CC-CKR-3, CD193,CKR3, CMKBR3, CC CCR3 chemokine receptor 3; b-chemokine receptor;eosinophil CC chemokine receptor 3; eosinophil eotaxin receptor 137chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 C-C Chemokine Receptor 4 - CC-CKR-4,CCR4 CKR4, CMKBR4, ChemR13, HGCN: 14099, K5-5, chemokine (C-C) receptor4 138 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 CC-CKR-5, CCCKR5, CD195, CKR-5,CKR5, CCR5 CMKBR5, C-C chemokine receptor 5; C-C chemokine receptor type5; CC chemokine receptor 5; CCR5 chemokine receptor; chemokine (C-C)receptor 5; chemokine receptor CCR5; chemr13 139 chemokine (C-C motif)receptor 6 C-C chemokine receptor type 6 - BN-1, CD196, CCR6 CKR-L3,CKR6, CKRL3, CMKBR6, DCR2, DRY-6, GPR-CY4, GPR29, GPRCY4, STRL22, Gprotein-coupled receptor 29; chemokine (C-C) receptor 6; chemokinereceptor-like 3; seven- transmembrane receptor, lymphocyte, 22 140chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 C-C chemokine receptor type 7 - BLR2,CD197, CCR7 CDw197, CMKBR7, EB11, C-C chemokine receptor type 7; CCchemokine receptor 7; EBV- induced G protein-coupled receptor 1;Epstein- Barr virus induced G-protein coupled receptor; Epstein-Barrvirus induced gene 1; M1P-3 beta receptor; chemokine (C-C) receptor 7;lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled peptide receptor 141 chemokine(C-C motif) receptor 8 Chemokine Receptor 8 - CDw198, CKR-L1, CCR8CKRL1, CMKBR8, CMKBRL2, CY6, GPR- CY6, TER1, CC chemokine receptor 8;CC- chemokine receptor chemrl; chemokine (C-C) receptor 8; chemokine(C-C) receptor-like 2 142 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 ChemokineReceptor 9 - CDw199, GPR-9-6, CCR9 GPR28, G protein-coupled receptor 28143 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 chemokine receptor 11 -CC-CKR-11, CCBP2, CCRL1 CCR10, CCR11, CCX-CKR, CKR-11, PPRI, VSHK1, C-Cchemokine receptor type 11; chernocentryx chemokine receptor; chemokine,cc motif, receptor-like protein 1; orphan seven- transmembrane receptor,chemokine related 144 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 chemokine(C-C motif) receptor-like 2: CKRX, CCRL2 CRAM-A, CRAM-B, HCR 145 CD14molecule CD14 antigen - monocyte receptor CD14 146 CD14 molecule CD14(C-260T polymorphism) entered “CD14”, CD14 CD14 antigen 147 CD163molecule CD163 - M130, MM130 - CD163 antigen; CD163macrophage-associated antigen, macrophage- specific antigen 148 CD40molecule, TNF receptor superfamily CD40 molecule, TNF receptorsuperfamily CD40 member 5 member 5, Bp50, CDW40, MGC9013, TNFRSF5, p50,B cell surface antigen CD40; B cell-associated molecule; CD40 antigen;CD40 antigen (TNF receptor superfamily member 5); CD40 type ll isoform;CD40L receptor; nerve growth factor receptor-related B-lymphocyteactivation molecule; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member5 149 CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, CD40 Ligand (CD40L) (alsocalled soluble CD40LG hyper-lgM syndrome) CD40L vs. platelet-boundCD40L), CD154, CD40L, H1GM1, 1GM, 1MD3, T-BAM, TNFSF5, TRAP, gp39,hCD40L, CD40 antigen ligand; CD40 ligand; T-B cell-activating molecule;TNF-related activation protein; tumor necrosis factor (ligand)superfamily member 5; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member5 (hyper-lgM syndrome); tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member5 150 CD44 molecule (1ndian blood group) CD44, CDW44 - ECMR-III, IN,LHR, MC56, CD44 MDU2, MDU3, M1C4, MUTCH-1, Pgpl, CD44 antigen; CD44antigen (Indian blood group); CD44 antigen (homing function and Indianblood group system); CD44 epithelial domain (CD44E); CDW44 antigen; GP90lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor; Hermes antigen; antigen gp90 homingreceptor; cell adhesion molecule (CD44); cell surface glycoprotein CD44;extracellular matrix receptor-III; heparan sulfate proteoglycan;hyaluronate receptor; phagocytic glycoprotein 1 151 CD55 molecule, decayaccelerating factor for complement 32: CD55 antigen, decay CD55complement (Cromer blood group) accelerating factor for complement(Cromer blood group); Cromer blood group; decay accelerating factor forcomplement; decay accelerating factor for complement (CD55, Cromer bloodgroup system); decay accelerating factor for complement (CD55, Cromerblood group); decay-accelerating factor 3 152 CD63 moleculeelysosome-associated membrane protein (CD63) - CD63 (entered just “CD63”here) LAMP-3, ME491, MLA1, OMA81H, TSPAN30, CD63 antigen; CD63 antigen(melanoma 1 antigen); granulophysin; lysosome-associated membraneglycoprotein 3; melanoma 1 antigen; melanoma- associated antigen ME491;melanoma-associated antigen MLA1; ocular melanoma-associated antigen;tetraspanin-30 153 cell division cycle 2, G1 to S and G2 to M CDK1: cellcycle controller CDC2; cell division CDC2 control protein 2 homolog;cell division cycle 2 protein; cyclin-dependent kinase 1; p34 proteinkinase 154 CDC42 binding protein kinase beta (DMPK- CDC42 bindingprotein kinase beta (DMPK- CDC42BPB like) like) - MRCKB, CDC42-bindingprotein kinase beta; CDC42-binding protein kinase beta (DMPK-like);DMPK-like; MRCK beta 155 CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase CDC42effector protein (Rho GTPase binding) 2 - CDC42EP2 binding) 2 BORG1,CEP2, CR1B-containing BOGR1 protein; Cdc42 effector protein 2 930 CDC42effector protein (Rho GTPase CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase binding)3 - CDC42EP3 binding) 3 BORG2, CEP3, UB1, CR1B-containing BORG2 protein;Cdc42 effector protein 3; MSE55-related protein 931 CDC6 cell divisioncycle 6 homolog Cdc6: CDC18 (cell division cycle 18, S. pombe, CDC6 (S.cerevisiae) homolog)-like; CDC6 (cell division cycle 6, S. cerevisiae)homolog; CDC6 homolog; CDC6- related protein 932 cadherin 1, type 1,E-cadherin (epithelial) Arc-1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM, UVO, CDH1cadherin 1, E-cadherin (epithelial); cadherin 1, type 1;calcium-dependent adhesion protein, epithelial; cell-CAM 120/80;uvomorulin 933 cyclin-dependent kinase 4 CDK4: cell division kinase 4;melanoma CDK4 cutaneous malignant, 3 934 cyclin-dependent kinase 5cyclin-dependent kinase 5, PSSALRE, protein CDK5 kinase CDK5 splicing935 cyclin-dependent kinase 6 CDK6: cell division protein kinase 6 CDK6936 centromere protein C 1 centromere protein C 1 - CENPC, centromereCENPC1 autoantigen C1 937 cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plasmacholesterol ester transfer protein - lipid transfer CETP protein 156CHK1 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe) Chkl CHK1 (checkpoint, S. pombe)homolog; CHEK1 CHK1 checkpoint homolog; Checkpoint, S. pombe, homologof, 1 157 CHK2 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe) Chk2: CHK2 (checkpoint, S.pombe) homolog; CHEK2 checkpoint-like protein CHK2; protein kinase CHK2;serine/threonine-protein kinase CHK2 158 chromogranin A (parathyroidsecretory chromogranin-A, CGA, chromogranin A CHGA protein 1) precursor;parathyroid secretory protein 1 159 chitinase (chitotriosidase)chitotriosidase - chitotriosidase; plasma CHIT1 methylumbelliferyltetra-N-acetylchitotetraoside hydrolase 160 choline kinase alpha cholinekinase - CHK, CK1 CHKA 161 choline kinase beta choline kinase (CHK) -CHETK, CHKL, choline CHKB kinase-like, choline/ethanolamine kinase 162cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine ReceptorM1 - HM1, CHRM1 M1, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, ACM1 163cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine ReceptorM2 - HM2, CHRM2 7TM receptor; cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2,isoform a; muscarinic M2 receptor; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2164 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3 muscarinic acetyl cholinereceptor 3 - HM3, m3 CHRM3 muscarinic receptor; muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor M3 165 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 ACETYLCHOL1NERECEPTOR, CHRM4 MUSCARINIC 4 - HM4, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4166 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 5 muscarinic acetyl cholinereceptor 5 - HM5, CHRM5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 167 citron(rho-interacting, serine/threonine C1T polypeptide - CR1K, STK21,citron; rho- CIT kinase 21) interacting, serine/threonine kinase 21 168creatine kinase, brain CK, CK-MB, B-CK, CKBB, brain creatine CKB kinase;creatine kinase B-chain; creatine kinase-B 169 creatine kinase, muscleCK, CK-MB, CKMM, M-CK, creatine kinase M CKM chain; creatine kinase-M;muscle creatine kinase 170 creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A CK, CK-MB,CKMT1, UMTCK, acidic-type CKMT1A mitochondrial creatine kinase; creatinekinase, mitochondrial I (ubiquitous) 171 creatine kinase, mitochondrial1B CK, CK-MB, CKMT, CKMT1, UMTCK, acidic- CKMT1B type mitochondrialcreatine kinase; creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1 (ubiquitous);ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase precursor variant 172 creatinekinase, mitochondrial 2 (sarcomeric) CK, CK-MB, SMTCK, basic-typemitochondrial CKMT2 creatine kinase; sarcomeric mitochondrial creatinekinase 173 clusterin clusterin, AAG4, APOJ, CL1, KUB1, CLU MGC24903,SGP-2, SGP2, SP-40, TRPM-2, TRPM2, aging-associated protein 4;apolipoprotein J; clusterin (complement lysis inhibitor, SP-40,40,sulfated glycoprotein 2, testosterone-repressed prostate message 2,apolipoprotein J); complement lysis inhibitor; complement-associatedprotein SP-40; sulfated glycoprotein 2; testosterone-repressed prostatemessage 2 174 chymase 1, mast cell chymase 1 - CYH, MCT1, chymase 1 CMA1preproprotein transcript E; chymase 1 preproprotein transcript 1;chymase, heart; chymase, mast cell; mast cell protease 1 175chemokine-like receptor 1 chemokine-like receptor 1 - ChemR23, DEZ,CMKLR1 orphan G-protein coupled receptor, Dez 176 chemokine orphanreceptor 1 G-protein-coupled receptor RDC1 - GPR159, CMKOR1 RDC1, Gprotein-coupled receptor 177 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembranechemokine-like factor 7: chemokine-like factor CMTM7 domain containing 7super family 7; chemokine-like factor super family member 7 variant 2;chemokine-like factor superfamily 7 178 collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1collagen type XVIII-alpha(1): alpha 1 type COL18A1 XVIII collagen;antiangiogenic agent; endostatin; multi-functional protein MVP 179collagen, type I, alpha 1 collagen a-1: Collagen 1, alpha-1 polypeptide;COL1A1 Collagen alpha 1 chain; alpha 1 type 1 collagen; collagen alpha 1chain type 1; collagen of skin, tendon and bone, alpha-1 chain;osteogenesis imperfecta type IV; pro-alpha-1 collagen type 1; type 1collagen alpha 1 chain; type 1 collagen pro alpha 1(1) chain propeptide;type II procollagen gene fragment 180 collagen, type I, alpha 2 collagena-2: Collagen 1, alpha-2 polypeptide; COL1A2 Collagen of skin, tendonand bone, alpha-2 chain; alpha 2 type 1 collagen; alpha 2(l)- collagen;alpha-2 collagen type 1; osteogenesis imperfecta type IV; type 1procollagen 181 collagen III propepeptide (PIIIP) collagen, type III,alpha I (Ehlers-Danlos COL3A1 syndrome) type IV, autosomal dominant 182collagen, type V, alpha 2 collagen type V: AB collagen; Collagen V,COL5A2 alpha-2 polypeptide; alpha 2 type V collagen; collagen, fetalmembrane, A polypeptide; type V preprocollagen alpha 2 chain 183ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) ceruloplasmin - CP-2, Ceruloplasmin; CPferroxidase 184 carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell) carboxypeptidase A3(CPA3) - mast cell CPA3 carboxypeptidase A3 185 carboxypeptidase B2(plasma, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor CPB2carboxypeptidase U) (TAF1) - CPU, PCPB, TAF1, carboxypeptidase B-likeprotein; carboxypeptidase U; plasma carboxypeptidase B2;thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor; thrombin-activatablefibrinolysis inhibitor 186 carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma, carboxypeptidaseB2 (plasma, carboxypeptidase CPB2 carboxypeptidase U) U) - CPU, PCPB,TAF1, (carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma)); carboxypeptidase B-like protein;carboxypeptidase U; plasma carboxypeptidase B2; thrombin-activablefibrinolysis inhibitor; thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor 187carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma, carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma,carboxypeptidase CPB2 carboxypeptidase U) U) - CPU, PCPB, TAF1,(carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma)); carboxypeptidase B-like protein;carboxypeptidase U; plasma carboxypeptidase 132; thrombin-activablefibrinolysis inhibitor; thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor 188carboxypeptidase N, polypeptide 1, 50 kD CPN - CPN, SCPN,carboxypeptidase N CPN1 polypeptide 1 50 kD 189 corticotropin releasinghormone receptor 2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 - CRHR2CRFR2 190 carnitine O-octanoyltransferase carnitineO-octanoyltransferase - COT CROT 191 C-reactive protein,pentraxin-related C-Reactive Protein, CRP, PTX1 CRP 192 C-reactiveprotein, pentraxin-related CRP gene +1444C > T variant - C-Reactive CRPProtein, CRP, PTX1 193 colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage) colonystimulating factor 1; macrophage colony CSF1 stimulating factor 194colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating CSF2 macrophage) factor - GMCSF, colony stimulating factor2; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; molgramostin;sargramostim 195 colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) colonystimulating factor 3; filgrastim; CSF3 granulocyte colony stimulatingfactor; lenograstim; pluripoietin 196 casein kinase 1, delta caseinkinase 1, delta, isoform 1 - HCK1D CSNK1D 197 chondroitin sulfateproteoglycan 2 (versican) versican - VERSICAN CSPG2 198 cardiotrophin 1Cardiotrophin-1 - CT-1, CT1, cardiophin 1 CTF1 199 connective tissuegrowth factor Connective tissue growth factor - CCN2, CTGF 1GFBP8, NOV2,hypertrophic chondrocyte- specific protein 24; insulin-like growthfactor- binding protein 8 200 cathepsin B cathepsin B - procathepsin B,APPS; CPSB, APP CTSB secretase; amyloid precursor protein secretase;cathepsin B1; cysteine protease; preprocathepsin B 201 chemokine (C-X-Cmotif) ligand 1 GRO1, GROa, MGSA, MGSA alpha, MGSA-a, CXCL1 (melanomagrowth stimulating activity, NAP-3, SCYB1: GRO1 oncogene (melanomaalpha) growth stimulating activity, alpha); GRO1 oncogene (melanomagrowth-stimulating activity); chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; melanomagrowth stimulatory activity alpha 202 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10, C7, 1F110, CXCL10 1NP10, 1P-10,SCYB1O, crg-2, g1P-10, mob-1, gamma 1P10; interferon-inducible cytokine1P- 10; protein 10 from interferon (gamma)-induced cell line; smallinducible cytokine B10; small inducible cytokine subfamily B(Cys-X-Cys), member 10 204 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 C1NC-2a,GRO2, GROb, MGSA beta, MGSA-b, CXCL2 M1P-2a, M1P2, M1P2A, SCYB2; GRO2oncogene; melanoma growth stimulatory activity beta 203 chemokine (C-X-Cmotif) ligand 3 CD182; CD183; CKR-L2; CMKAR3; GPR9; CXCR3 1P1O; 1P10-R;Mig-R; MigR; G protein-coupled receptor 9; IP 10 receptor; Mig receptor;chemokine (C-X-C) receptor 3; 205 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 CXCchemokine receptor 4 - CD184, FB22, CXCR4 HM89, HSY3RR, LAP3, LCR1,LESTR, NPY3R, NPYR, NPYRL, NPYY3R, WH1M, C- X-C chemokine receptor type4; CD184 antigen; chemokine (C-X-C motif), receptor 4 (fusin); chemokinereceptor 4; fusin; leukocyte-derived seven-transmembrane-domainreceptor; lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3; neuropeptide Yreceptor Y3; seven transmembrane helix receptor; seven-transmembrane-segment receptor, spleen; stromal cell-derived factor 1receptor 206 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 CXC Chemokine Receptor6 - BONZO, CD186, CXCR6 STRL33, TYMSTR, G protein-coupled receptor; Gprotein-coupled receptor TYMSTR 207 cytochrome c, somatic cytochrome c -CYC, HCS, cytochrome c CYCS 208 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B,cytochrome P 450 CYP11-B1: cytochrome CYP11B1 polypeptide 1 P450,subfamily X1B (steroid 11-beta- hydroxylase), polypeptide 1; cytochromep450 X1B1; steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase; steroid 11- beta-monooxygenase209 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, aldosterone synthase:aldosterone synthase; CYP11B2 polypeptide 2 cytochrome P450, subfamilyX1B (steroid 11- beta-hydroxylase), polypeptide 2; cytochrome P450,subfamily X1B polypeptide 2; steroid 11- bela-monooxygenase; steroid11-beta/18- hydroxylase; steroid 18-hydroxylase; steroid 18-hydroxylase, aldosterone synthase, P450C18, P450aldo 210 cytochromeP450, family 2, subfamily C, minor allele of CYP2C9*2 CPC9, CYP2C,CYP2C9 polypeptide 9 CYP2C10, P450 MP-4, P450 PB-1, P45011C9, cytochromeP-450 S-mephenytoin 4- hydroxylase; cytochrome P450, subfamily 11C(mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 10; cytochrome P450, subfamily11C (mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 9; cytochrome p4502C9;flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase; mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase; microsomalmonooxygenase; xenobiotic monooxygenase 211 cysteinyl leukotrienereceptor 1 Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1 - CYSLT1, CYSLTR1 CYSLT1R,CYSLTR, HG55, HMTMF81, LTD4 receptor; cysteinyl leukotriene D4 receptor;cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 splice variant V 212 cysteinylleukotriene receptor 2 Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 2 - CYSLT2,CYSLTR2 CYSLT2R, GPCR, HG57, HPN321, KPG_011, hGPCR21, G protein-coupledreceptor; G- protein coupled receptor protein; cysteinyl leukotrieneCysLT2 receptor 213 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1 DCAMKL1-likeserine/threonine kinase - DCAMKL1 doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1,DCLK, doublecortin-like kinase 214 desmin desmin - CMD11, CSM1, CSM2,intermediate DES filament protein 215 deafness, autosomal dominant 5deafness, autosomal dominant 5 I - ICERE-1, DFNA5 deafness, autosomaldominant 5 protein; nonsyndromic hearing impairment protein 216diacetylglycerol o-acyltransse 2-like 4 acylglycerolacyltransferase-like proteins, DC4, DGAT2L4 DC4L 217dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family) RDH17, Rsdr1, SDR1, retSDR1;short-chain DHRS3 member 3 dehydrogenase/reductase 1 218dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) short chaindehydrogenase/reductase - DHRS4 member 4 DHRS4L2, SCAD-SRL, SDR-SRL,humNRDR, NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase B1 isoform;NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase B2 isoform;NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase short isoform; NADP-dependent retinol dehydrogenase; NADPH- dependent retinoldehydrogenase/reductase; peroxisomal short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase219 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, pDJA1 - DJ-2, DjA1, HDJ2, HSDJ,HSJ2, DNAJA1 member 1 HSPF4, hDJ-2, heat shock protein, DNAJ-like 2 220dolichyl-phosphate (UDP-N- dolichyl-phosphate N- DPAGT1acetylglucosamine) N- acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1 (GlcNAc-1-P transferase) 221Dipeptidase 1 (renal) dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1) - MBDl, MDP, RDP DPEP1 222dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 - DPPIII, dipeptidyl DPP3aminopeptidase III; dipeptidyl arylarnidase III; dipeptidyl peptidaseIII; dipeptidylpeptidase 3; dipeptidylpeptidase III 223dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (CD26, adenosine dipeptidylpeptidase IV - ADABP,ADCP2, DPP4 deaminase complexing protein 2) CD26, DPPIV, TP103, T-cellactivation antigen CD26; adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2;dipeptidylpeptidase IV; dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26, adenosinedeaminase complexing protein 2) 224 dipeptidyl-peptidase 7dipeptidylpeptidase 7 - DPP2, DPPII, QPP - DPP7 carboxytripeptidase;dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II; dipeptidyl arylamidase II; dipeptidylpeptidase 7; dipeptidyl-peptidase II precursor; dipeptidylpeptidase 7225 dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 - DPRP2, dipeptidylDPP9 peptidase IV-related protein-2; dipeptidylpeptidase 9 226 dopaminereceptor D1 dopamine receptor D1 - DADR, DRD1A DRD1 227 dopaminereceptor D3 dopamine receptor D3 - D3DR DRD3 228 dopamine receptor D4dopamine receptor D4 - dopamine receptor D4, DRD4 D4DR: D(2C) dopaminereceptor; see also Acc#: L12398; seven transmembrane helix receptor 229dopamine receptor D5 dopamine receptor D5 - DBDR, DRD1B, DRD5 DRD1L2, D1 beta dopamine receptor; dopamine 230 endothelial differentiation,lysophosphatidic endothelial differentiation, lysophosphatidic acid EDG2acid G-protein-coupled receptor, 2 G-protein-coupled receptor 2 -Gpcr26, LPAI, LPARI, Mrec1.3, edg-2, rec.1,3, vzg-1, ventricular zonegene 1 231 endothelial differentiation, sphingolipid G- endothelialdifferentiation sphingolipid G- EDG3 protein-coupled receptor, 3protein-coupled receptor 3 - EDG-3, LPB3, SIP3, SIPR3, G protein-coupledreceptor, endothelial differentiation gene-3; SIP receptor EDG3;sphingosine I-phosphate receptor 3 232 endothelial differentiation,sphingolipid G- endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G- EDG5protein-coupled receptor, 5 protein-coupled receptor 5 polypeptide -AGR16, EDG-5, Gper13, H218, LPB2, SIP2, SIPR2, SIP receptor EDG5;sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 233 endothelial differentiation,lysophosphatidic LPC1; SIP4; SIPR4; SLP4., sphingosine 1- EDG6 acidG-protein-coupled receptor, 6 phosphate receptor 4; phingosine1-phosphate receptor Edg-6; endothelial differentiation; G proteincoupled receptor 6; G protein-coupled receptor 6 234 endothelialdifferentiation, lysophosphatidic endothelial differentiationlysophosphatic acid EDG7 acid G-protein-coupled receptor, 7G-protein-coupled receptor 7 - Edg-7, GPCR, HOFNH30, LP-A3, LPA3, LPAR3,LPA receptor EDG7; calcium-mobilizing lysophosphatidic acid receptorLP-A3; endothelial cell differentiation gene 7 235 endothelin 1endothelin-1 - ET1 EDN1 236 endothelin 1 endothelin-1 - ET1 EDN1 237endothelin 2 EDN2: ET2 EDN2 238 endothelin 3 endothelin III: ET3, ET3,truncated endothelin 3 EDN3 239 endothelin receptor type A endothelinreceptor type A - ETA, ETRA, G EDNRA protein-coupled receptor 240endothelin receptor type B G protein-coupled receptor ETB - ABCDS, ETB,EDNRB ETRB, HSCR, HSCR2, Hirschsprung disease 2 967 epidermal growthfactor (beta-urogastrone) epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone),EGF URG, urogastrone 968 elastase 2, neutrophil Elastase - HLE, HNE, NE,PMN-E, bone ELA2 marrow serine protease; leukocyte elastase; medullasin;polymorphonuclear elastase 241 elastin (supravalvular aortic stenosis,elastin: Williams syndrome region; elastin; ELN Williams-Beurensyndrome) tropoelastin 242 endoglin (Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 1)Endoglin - CD105, END, HHT1, ORW, ORW1, ENG Endoglin; endoglin 969enolase 2 (gamma, neuronal) enolase, gamma, neurone-specific -2-phospho- ENO2 D-glycerate hydrolyase; enolase 2; neural enolase;neuron specific gamma enolase; neurone-specific enolase 243 enolase 3(beta, muscle) B-enolase: 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase; ENO3 ENO3,muscle enolase 3 beta; beta enolase; enolase 3; enolase-3, beta, muscle;muscle specific enolase; skeletal muscle enolase 244 ectonucleotideSphingomyelinase - ALK-SMase, alkaline ENPP7pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7 sphingomyelinase 245 ectonucleosidetriphosphate CD39, ATPDase, CD39, NTPDase-1, CD39 ENTPD1diphosphohydrolase 1 antigen; ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase; ecto-apyrase; lymphoid cell activation antigen 246 erythropoietinerythropoietin (EPO) - epoetin EPO 247 esterase A4 esterase -Esterase-A4 ESA4 248 esterase B3 esterase - Esterase-B3 ESB3 249esterase D/formylglutathione hydrolase esterase - Esterase D;S-formylglutathione ESD hydrolase; esterase 10 250 ethanolamine kinase !ethanolamine kinase 1 (EKII) - EKI, EKII ETNK 251 coagulation factor XProthrombin time (PT) (Entered Prothrombin F10 into Entrez), FX, FXA,Stuart factor; Stuart- Prower factor; factor Xa; prothrombinase 252coagulation factor XI (plasma thromboplastin Factor XI, activatedpartial thromboplasmin time F11 antecedent) (APTT), (enteredthromboplastin and Factor XI into Entrez), FX1, platelet coagulationfactor XI 253 FII receptor junction adhesion molecules-1, 2, and 3 -F11R CD321, JAM, JAM-1, JAM-A, JAM1, JAMA, JCAM, KAT, PAM-1, junctionaladhesion molecule 1; junctional adhesion molecule A; platelet F11receptor; platelet adhesion molecule 254 coagulation factor XII (Hagemanfactor) Coagulation factor XII - Hageman factor; F12 coagulation factorXII 255 coagulation factor XIII, Al polypeptide Coagulation FactorXIII - Coagulation factor F13A1 XIII A chain; Coagulation factor XIII, Apolypeptide; TGase; (coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide);coagulation factor XIII Al subunit; factor XIIIa, coagulation factorXIII A1 subunit 256 coagulation factor XIII, Al polypeptide FXIII geneL34 polymorphism - Coagulation F13A1 factor XIII A chain; Coagulationfactor XIII, A polypeptide; TGase; (coagulation factor XIII, A1polypeptide); coagulation factor XIII A1 subunit; factor XIIIa 257coagulation factor XIII, B polypeptide Coagulation Factor XIII - TGase;coagulation F13B factor XIII B subunit 258 coagulation factor II(thrombin) Prothrombin time (PT) (Entered Prothrombin F2 into Entrez),PT, coagulation factor 11; prothrombin; prothrombin B-chain; serineprotease 259 coagulation factor II (thrombin) prothrombin G20210Amutation - PT, F2 coagulation factor II; prothrombin; prothrombinB-chain; serine protease 260 coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptorprotease activated receptor 1 - CF2R, 1-1TR, F2R PAR1, TR, coagulationfactor 11 receptor; protease-activated receptor 1; thrombin receptor 261coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor protease-activated receptor i(a GPCR) - NK2R, F2R NKNAR, SKR, TAC2R, NK-2 receptor; Tachykininreceptor 2 (substance K receptor; neurokinin 2 receptor); neurokinin 2receptor; neurokinin-2 receptor; seven transmembrane helix receptor;tachykinin 2 receptor (substance K receptor, neurokinin 2 receptor) 262coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 G Protein CoupledProteinase Activated F2RL1 Receptor 2 - GPR1 1, PAR2, 0 protein-coupledreceptor-1 1; protease-activated receptor 2 263 coagulation factor II(thrombin) receptor-like 2 G-protein coupled proteinase activatedreceptor 3 - F2RL2 PAR3, Coagulation factor 11 receptor-like 2(protease-actovated receptor 3); coagulation factor 11 receptor-like 2;protease-activated receptor 3; thrombin receptor-like 2 264 coagulationfactor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3 G Protein Coupled ProteinaseActivated F2RL3 Receptor 4 - PAR4, protease-activated receptor-4 265coagulation factor (thromboplastin, tissue activated partialthromboplasmin time (APTT), F3 factor) (entered thromboplastin intoEntrez) CD142, 1F, TFA, coagulation factor 111; tissue factor 266coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile Factor V gene - mutation atnucleotide position F5 factor) 1691 - FVL, PCCF, factor V, activatedprotein c cofactor; coagulation factor V; coagulation factor V jinjiangA2 domain; factor V Leiden; labile factor 267 coagulation factor V(proaccelerin, labile Factor V; FVL, PCCF, factor V, activated F5factor) protein c cofactor; coagulation factor V; coagulation factor Vjinjiang A2 domain; factor V Leiden; labile factor 268 coagulationfactor VII (serum prothrombin FVII coagulation protein; coagulationfactor VII; F7 conversion accelerator) cogulation factor VII; eptacogalfa 269 coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin. factor VII - FV 1coagulation protein; F7 conversion accelerator) coagulation factor VII;cogulation factor VII; eptacog alfa 270 coagulation factor VIII,procoagulant Factor VIII, AHF, F8 protein. F8B, F8C, FV111, F8 component(hemophilia A) HEMA, coagulation factor VIII; coagulation factor VIII,isoform b; coagulation factor Ville; factor VIII F8B; procoagulantcomponent, isoform b 271 coagulation factor IX Coagulation Factor. IX -Christmas factor; F9 Coagulation factor IX (plasma thromboplasticcomponent); Factor 9; Factor IX; coagulant factor IX; coagulation factorIX; truncated coagulation factor IX 272 fatty acid binding protein 2,intestinal intestinal fatty acid binding protein - FABPI, I- FABP2 FABP,Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal; intestinal fatty acid bindingprotein 2 273 fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart fattyacid-binding protein, heart-type (H FABP) -Fatty FABP3 (mammary-derivedgrowth inhibitor) acid-binding protein 3, muscle; fatty acid bindingprotein 11; fatty acid binding protein 3; mammary-derived growthinhibitor 274 fibroblast activation protein, alpha fibroblast activationprotein - DPPIV, FAPA. FAP SEPRASE, fibroblast activation protein, alphasubunit; integral membrane serine protease 275 Fas (TNF receptorsuperfamily, member 6) soluble Fas/APO-1 (sFas), ALPSIA, APO-1, FASAPTI, Apo-1 Fas, CD95, FAS1, FASTM, TNFRSF6, APO-1 cell surface antigen;CD95 antigen; Fas antigen; apoptosis antigen 1; tumor necrosis factorreceptor superfamily, member 6 276 Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member6) Fas ligand (sFasL), APTILGI, CD178, CD95L, FASLG FASL, TNFSF6, CD95ligand; apoptosis (APO- I) antigen ligand 1; fas ligand; tumor necrosisfactor (ligand) superfamily, member 6 277 Fc fragment of IgG, lowaffinity IIa, receptor FcgammaRIIa - CD32, CD32A, CDw32, FCG2, FCGR2A(CD32) FCGR2, FCGR2AI, FcGR, IGFR2, Fc fragment of IgG, low affinityIIa, receptor for (CD32) 278 Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa,receptor FcgammaRIIa - CD32, CD32A, CDw32, FCG2, FCGR2A (CD32) FCGR2,FCGR2AI, FcGR, IGFR2, Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor for(CD32) 279 Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa, receptorFcgammaRIIA-R/H131, the FcgammaRIIIB- FCGR3A (CDI6a) NaI/Na2, and theFcgammaRIIIA-F/V158 polymorphisms (entered FcgammaRIIIA), CD16, CD16a,FCG3, FCGR3, IGFR3, Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity III, receptor for(CD16); Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa, receptor for (CD16); Fcgamma receptor III-A; Fc-gamma receptor IIIb (CD16); FcgammaRIIIA 280 Fcfragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor FcgammaRIIA-R/H131, theFcgammaRIIIB- FCGR3B (CDl6b) Na1/Na2, and the FcgammaRIIIA-FN158polymorphisms (entered FcgammaRIIIB), CD16, CD 16b, FCG3, FCGR3,Fcfragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor for (CD16); Fc-gammareceptor; Fc-gamma receptor 111B; Fc-gamma receptor IIIb (CD 16); lowaffinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B 281 ficolin(collagen/fibrinogen domain Fibrinogen, EBP-37, FCNL, P35, ficolin-2, L-FCN2 containing lectin) 2 (hucolin) ficolin; collagen/fibrinogendomain-containing protein 2; ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing lectin) 2; ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain-containinglectin) 2 (hucolin); ficolin 2; ficolin B; hucolin; serum lectin p35 282ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain Fibrinogen, FCNH, HAKAI, H-ficolin;Hakata FCN3 containing) 3 (Hakata antigen) antigen; collagen/fibrinogendomain-containing lectin 3 p35; collagen/fibrinogen domain- containingprotein 3; ficolin (collagen fibrinogen domain-containing) 3 (Hakataantigen); ficolin 3; ficolin-3 283 free fatty acid receptor 1 Gprotein-coupled receptor 40 - FFA1R, GPR40, FFAR1 G protein-coupledreceptor 40 284 free fatty acid receptor 3 G protein coupled receptor41 - FFA3R, GPR41, FFAR3 G protein-coupled receptor 41 285 fibrinogenalpha chain Fibrin, Fib2, fibrinogen, A alpha polypeptide; FGAfibrinogen, alpha chain, isoform alpha preproprotein; fibrinogen, alphapolypeptide 286 fibrinogen beta chain Fibrin, B beta polypeptide;fibrinogen, beta FGB chain; fibrinogen, beta chain, preproprotein,fibrinopeptide B beta 1-42, fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 287 fibroblastgrowth factor 1 (acidic) fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic):endothelial FGF1 cell growth factor, alpha; endothelial cell growthfactor, beta; heparin-binding growth factor 1 precursor 288 fibroblastgrowth factor 2 (basic) Fibrin, BFGF, FGFB, HBGH-2, basic fibroblastFGF2 growth factor; basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF; fibroblastgrowth factor 2; heparin- binding growth factor 2 precusor; prostatropin289 fibrinogen gamma chain Fibrin, fibrinogen, gamma chain; fibrinogen,FGG gamma polypeptide 290 fibroblast growth factor (acidic)intracellular acidic fibroblast growth factor - FGF1BP, F1BP- FIBPbinding protein 1, FGF intracellular binding protein 291 FK506 bindingprotein IA, 12 kDa FK506 binding protein IA - FKBP-l2, FKBP1, FKBPIAFKBP12, FKBP12C, PKC12, PKCl2, PPIASE, FK506 binding protein IA (12 kD);FK506- binding protein 1; FK506-binding protein 12; FK506-bindingprotein IA; FK506-binding protein IA (12 kD); FK506-binding protein, T-cell, 12-kD; immunophilin FKBP12; peptidyl- proly1 cis-trans isomerase;protein kinase C inhibitor 2; rotamase 292 formyl peptide receptor-like1 N-Formyl Peptide Receptor Like I - ALXR, FPRL1 FMLP-R-II, FMLPX,FPR2A, FPRHI, FPRH2, HM63, LXA4R, lipoxin A4 receptor (formyl peptidereceptor related) 293 formyl peptide receptor-like 2 formyl peptidereceptor-like 2 polypeptide - FPRL2 FML2_HUMAN, FMLPY, FPRH1, FPRH2,RMLP-R-I, FMLP-related receptor II 294 fibronectin type III and SPRYdomain Fibronectin, GLFND, MIRI, fibronectin type 3 FSD1 containing Iand SPRY (spla, ryanodine) domain containing (with coiled-coil motif) I;fibronectin type 3 and SPRY domain containing 1; fibronectin type 3 andSPRY domain-containing protein 295 follistatin follistatin - FS FST 296ferritin FTH; PLIF; FTHL6; PIG15; apoferritin; placenta FTH1immunoregulatory factor; proliferation-inducing protein 15 297 ferritin,light polypeptide ferritin - L apoferritin; ferritin L subunit; ferritinFTL L-chain; ferritin light chain; ferritin light polypeptide-like 3 298ferritin mitochondrial ferritin - ferritin H subunit; ferritin heavychain- FTMT like; mitochondrial ferritin 299 FYN oncogene related toSRC, FOR, YES FYN oncogene related to SRC - proto-oncogene FYNtyrosine-protein kinase FYN - SLK, SYN, OKT3-induced calcium influxregulator; c-syn protooncogene; protein-tyrosine kinase fyn;proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase fyn; src- like kinase;src/yes-related novel gene; tyrosine kinase p59fyn(T) 300 FYN oncogenerelated to SRC, FGR, YES proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase FYN -FYN SLK, SYN, OKT3-induced calcium influx regulator; c-synprotooncogene; protein-tyrosine kinase fyn; proto-oncogenetyrosine-protein kinase fyn; src-like kinase; sreyes-related novel gene;tyrosine kinase p59fyn(T) 301 growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible,Gadd45 - DDITI, GADD45, DNA damage- GADD45A alpha inducible transcriptI; DNA damage-inducible transcript-1; DNA-damage-inducible transcript I302 galanin GALN; GLNN; galanin-related peptide GAL 303 glucagonreceptor glucagon receptor -GGR, GCGR 304 growth differentiation factor15 NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)- GDF15 activated proteinI; PTGF-beta; prostate differentiator factor 305 glial fibrillary acidicprotein glial fibrillary acidic protein - intermediate GFAP filamentprotein 306 gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 GGT; GTG; CD224; glutamyltranspeptidase; GGT1 gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 307gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) - CD224,GGT1 GGT, GTG, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; glutamyl transpeptidase308 gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) - GGTGGT2 309 growth hormone 1 growth hormone - GH, GH-N, GHN, hGH-N, GH1pituitary growth hormone 310 growth hormone receptor growth hormonereceptor - GHBP, growth GHR hormone binding protein; growth hormonereceptor variant; serum binding protein; somatotropin receptorr 311ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone ghrelin - MTLRP, ghrelin, obestatin,ghrelin; GHRL ghrelin precursor; ghrelin, growth hormone secretagoguereceptor ligand; motilin-related peptide 312 growth hormone secretagoguereceptor Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor - GHSR ghrelin, receptor313 gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43 kDa connexin 43: connexin 43; gapjunction protein, GJAI (connexin 43) alpha-like; oculodentodigitaldysplasia (syndactyly type III) 314 glucagon-like peptide 1 receptorglucagon-like peptide 1 receptor - GLP1R 315 glucagon-like peptide 2receptor glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor - GLP2R 316 guanine nucleotidebinding protein (G G-protein, a-subunit of inhibitory (G1-a) - GIP,GNA12 protein), alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 2 GNA12B,GTP-binding regulatory protein Gi alpha-2 chain 317 guanine nucleotidebinding protein (G G-protein beta-3 subunit - G protein, beta-3 GNB3protein), beta polypeptide 3 subunit; GTP-binding regulatory proteinbeta-3 chain; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) betasubunit 3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta-3 subunit;hypertension associated protein; transducin beta chain 3 318glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, aspartate aminotransferase,mitochondrial - GOT2 mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase 2 319glycoprotein 1b (platelet), alpha polypeptide GP1b receptor - BSS,CD42B, CD42b-alpha, GP1BA GP1B, platelet glycoprotein 1b alphapolypeptide; platelet membrane glycoprotein 1b- alph subunit 320glycerol phosphatase, beta- GPB - GPB 321 glycosylphosphatidylinositolspecific glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-specific GPLD 1 phospholipase D1phospholipase D - GPIPLD, GPIPLDM, PIGPLD, PIGPLDI, GPI-specificphospholipase D; glycoprotein phospholipase D;glycosylphosphatldylinositol-specific phospholipase D;glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase Dl, isoform 2;phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol-glycan- specific 322 Gprotein-coupled receptor 1 G protein-coupled receptor 1 GPR1 323 Gprotein-coupled receptor 103 G protein-Coupled Receptor 103 - AQ27,GPR103 SP9155, QRFP receptor 324 G protein-coupled receptor 107 LungSeven Transmembrane Receptor I - GPR107 LUSTRI, lung seven transmembranereceptor I 325 G protein-coupled receptor 109A hm74-like g proteincoupled receptor - HM74a, GPR109A HM74b, PUMAG, Puma-g, Gprotein-coupled receptor HM74a 326 G protein-coupled receptor 109BG-Protein Coupled Receptor 74 - HM74, GPR109B PUMAG, Puma-g, GTP-bindingprotein; putative chemokine receptor 327 G protein-coupled receptor 12 Gprotein-coupled receptor 12 - GPCR21 GPR12 328 G protein-coupledreceptor 132 G2A-RECEPTOR - G2A, G protein-coupled GPR132 receptor G2A;G2 accumulation protein 329 G protein-coupled receptor 15 GProtein-Coupled Receptor 15 - GPR15 330 G protein-coupled receptor 151galanin receptor-like GPCR - GALRL, GPCR, GPR151 PGR7, galaninreceptor-like; putative G-protein coupled receptor 331 G protein-coupledreceptor 17 G Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 - GPR17 332 G protein-coupledreceptor 171 G Protein-Coupled Receptor H963 - H963, GPR171 plateletactivating receptor homolog 333 G protein-coupled receptor 173 seventransmembrane G protein coupled receptor - GPR173 SREB3, G-proteincoupled receptor 173; super conserved receptor expressed in brain 3 334G protein-coupled receptor 18 G Protein Coupled Receptor 18 - GPR18 335G protein-coupled receptor 19 G-protein coupled receptor 19 - GPR19 336G protein-coupled receptor 20 G protein-coupled receptor 20 - GPR20 337G protein-coupled receptor 21 G protein-coupled orphan receptor 21 -GPR21 338 G protein-coupled receptor 22 G protein Coupled Receptor 22 -tcag7.108 GPR22 339 G protein-coupled receptor 23 G protein-Coupled P2YPurinoreceptor 9 - GPR23 LPAR4, P2RY9, P2Y5-LIKE, P2Y9 340 Gprotein-coupled receptor 25 G Protein-Coupled receptor 25 GPR25 341 Gprotein-coupled receptor 26 G-protein coupled receptor 26 - GPR26 342 Gprotein-coupled receptor 27 G-protein coupled receptor 27 - SREB1, superGPR27 conserved receptor expressed in brain 1, GPR27 343 Gprotein-coupled receptor 3 G protein coupled receptor 3 polypeptide -GPR3 ACCA, adenylate cyclase constitutive activator 344 Gprotein-coupled receptor 30 G-protein coupled receptor 30 - CMKRL2,GPR30 DRY12, FEG- 1, GPCR-Br, LERGU, LERGU2, LyGPR, chemokinereceptor-like 2; flow- induced endothelial G-protein coupled receptor;leucine rich protein in GPR30 3′UTR 345 G protein-coupled receptor 31 Gprotein-coupled receptor 31 - (G protein- GPR31 coupled receptor 31) 346G protein-coupled receptor 32 G-Protein Coupled Receptor 32 - GPR32 347G protein-coupled receptor 34 G protein-coupled receptor 34 - GPR34 348G protein-coupled receptor 35 G protein-coupled receptor 35 - GPR35 349G protein-coupled receptor 35 G-Protein Coupled Receptor R35 - GPR35 350G protein-coupled receptor 37 (endothelin endothelin receptor typeB-like protein 1 - GPR37 receptor type B-like) EDNRBL, PAELR,hET(B)R-LP, G protein- coupled receptor 37; Parkin-associated endothelinreceptor-like receptor; endothelin receptor type B-like 351 Gprotein-coupled receptor 37 (endothelin G-protein-coupled receptor 37 -EDNRBL, GPR37 receptor type B-like) PAELR, hET(B)R-LP, G protein-coupledreceptor 37; Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor;endothelin receptor type B-like, BG37 352 G protein-coupled receptor 39G-protein-coupled-receptor 39 - GPR39 353 G protein-coupled receptor 4 GProtein Coupled Receptor 4 GPR4 354 G protein-coupled receptor 42 Gprotein-coupled receptor 42 - FFARIL, GPR42 GPR4IL 355 G protein-coupledreceptor 44 G-protein coupled receptor 58 - CD294, CRTH2, GPR44chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells 356G protein-coupled receptor 45G protein- G- Protein Coupled Receptor 45 -PSP24, GPR45 coupled receptor 45 PSP24(ALPHA), PSP24A, high-affinitylysophosphatidic acid receptor 357 G protein-coupled receptor 50G-protein coupled receptor 50 - H9 GPR50 358 G protein-coupled receptor52 G-protein coupled receptor 52 - GPR52 359 G protein-coupled receptor6 G-protein coupled receptor 6 polypeptide - GPR6 360 G protein-coupledreceptor 64 G Protein-coupled Receptor 64 - HE6, TM7LN2, GPR64 Gprotein-coupled receptor, epididymis-specific (seven transmembranefamily) 361 U protein-coupled receptor 65 G-Protein Coupled Receptor65 - TDAG8, GPR65 hTDAG8, T-cell death-associated gene 8 362 Gprotein-coupled receptor 68 ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor1 - GPR68 OGRI, ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor, 1 363 Gprotein-coupled receptor 75 G protein-coupled receptor 75 - GPR-chr2GPR75 364 G protein-coupled receptor 77 G protein-coupled receptor 77 -C5L2, GPF77, G GPR77 protein-coupled receptor C5L2 365 U protein-coupledreceptor 82 G protein-coupled receptor 82 GPR82 366 G protein-coupledreceptor 83 G-Protein Coupled Receptors 72 - GIR, GPR72, GPR83 Gprotein-coupled receptor 72; G-protein coupled receptor 72;glucocorticoid induced recept 367 U protein-coupled receptor 84 Gprotein-coupled receptor 84 - EX33, GPCR4, GPR84 inflammation-related Gprotein-coupled receptor EX33 368 G protein-coupled receptor 85 Gprotein-coupled receptor 85 - SREB, SREB2, GPR85 seven transmembranehelix receptor; super conserved receptor expressed in brain 2 369 Gprotein-coupled receptor 87 G protein-Coupled Receptor 87 - FKSG78,GPR87 GPR95, KPG_002, G protein-coupled receptor 95 370 Gprotein-coupled receptor 88 G protein-coupled receptor 88 - STRG, G-GPR88 protein coupled receptor 88 371 U protein-coupled receptor 92G-protein coupled receptor 92 - GPR93, GPR92 KPG_010, G-protein coupledreceptor; internal gene name of KIRIN laboratory: H95; putative Gprotein-coupled receptor 92 372 G protein-coupled receptor, family C,group G Protein-Coupled Receptor, Family C, Group 5, GPRC5B 5, member BMember B - RAIG-2, RAIG2, G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 1,member B; retinoic acid responsive gene protein G Protein-CoupledReceptor Family C Group 5 Memeber C - RAIG-3, RAIG3, G protein-coupledreceptor family C, group 5, member C; orphan G-protein coupled receptor;retinoic acid responsive gene protein 373 G protein-coupled receptor,family C, group G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family C Group 5 GPRC5C 5,member C Member C - RAIG-3, RAIG3, G protein-coupled receptor family C,group 5, member C; orphan G-protein coupled receptor; retinoic acidresponsive gene protein 374 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 Gprotein-dependent receptor kinase 1 (GRKI) - GRK1 GPRK1, RHOK, RK,rhodopsin kinase 375 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 Gprotein-coupled receptor 4 kinase - GPRK2L, GRK4 GPRK4, GRK4a, ITII, Gprotein-coupled receptor kinase 2-like (Drosophila); G-protein coupledreceptor kinase 4 376 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 Gprotein-coupled receptor 5 kinase - GPRK5 GRK5 377 C protein-coupledreceptor kinase 6 G protein-coupled receptor 6 kinase - GPRK6 GRK6 378 Cprotein-coupled receptor kinase 7 G protein coupled receptor kinase 7 -GRK7 379 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 metabotropic glutamatereceptor 5 - GPRCIA, GRM1 GRMIA, MGLURI, MGLURIA, mGluI 380 glutamatereceptor, metabotropic 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 - GLUR2, GRM2GPRCIB, MGLUR2, mGlu2, glutamate receptor homolog 381 glutamatereceptor, metabotropic 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 - GPRCID,GRM4 MGLUR4, mGlu4 382 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 metabotropicglutamate receptor 3 - GPRCIE, GRM5 MGLUR5, MGLUR5A, MGLUR5B, mGlu5 383glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 -GLUR7, GRM7 GPRCIG, MGLUR7, mG1u7 384 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 - GLURS, GRM8 GPRCIH, MGLUR8, mGlu8385 glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha -GSK3A 386 glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta glycogen synthase kinase 3beta - GSKB 387 glutathione S-transferase M1 Glutathione S transferaseMI/GST mu-1 GSTM1 (GSTMI), GST1, GSTM1-1, GSTM1a-1a, GSTM1b-1b, GTH4,GTM1, H-B, MU, MU-1, GST class-mu 1; HB subunit 4; S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase; glutathione S- aikyltransferase;glutathione S- aralkyltransferase; glutathione S-aryltransferase;glutathione S-transferase, Mu-1 388 glutathione S-transferase M2(muscle) GST4, GSTM, GSTM2-2, GTHMUS, GST GSTM2 class-mu 2; GST, muscle;S- (hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase M2; glutathione S-alkyltransferaseM2; glutathione S- aralkyltransferase M2; glutathione S- aryltransferaseM2; glutathione S-transferase 4; glutathione S-transferase M 1;glutathione S- transferase M2; glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 389glutathione S-transferase theta 1 Glutathione S transferase T1/GSTtheta-1 GM1 (GSTT1) 390 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2 GC-SA2,GUC1 A2 GUCY1A2 391 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 3 guanylatecyclase, al-subunit of the soluble - GUCY1A3 GC-SA3, GUCIA3, GUCA3,GUCSA3, GC-S- alpha-1; soluble guanylate cyclase large subunit 392guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 3 guanylatcyclase, B1-subunit of thesoluble - GC- GUCY1B3 S-beta-1, GC-SB3, GUCIB3, GUCB3, GUCSB3 393 factorVII activating protein; hepatocyte hyaluronan binding protein 2 HABP2growth factor activator-like protein; hyuronan-binding protein 2;hyaluronic acid binding protein 2; plasma hyaluronan binding protein 394hyaluronan synthase 2 hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS-2) HAS2 395 hemoglobin,alpha 1 circulating CD31+ apoptotic microparticles in HBA1 peripheralblood, (Entered CD31 into Entrez), CD31, alpha 1 globin; alpha oneglobin; alpha-1 globin; alpha-1i-globin; alpha-2 globin; alpha-2-globin; hemoglobin alpha 1 globin chain; hemoglobin alpha 2; hemoglobinalpha-1 chain; hemoglobin alpha-2 396 hemoglobin, alpha 1 hemoglobin,alpha 1, CD31, MGC126895, HBA1 MGC126897, alpha 1 globin; alpha oneglobin; alpha-1 globin; alpha-1-globin; alpha-2 globin; alpha-2-globin;hemoglobin alpha 1 globin chain; hemoglobin alpha 2; hemoglobin alpha-1chain; hemoglobin alpha-2 397 hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor OX1R - OX2R - HCRTR2 hypocretin receptor-2; orexinreceptor 2; orexin receptor-2 398 hexosaminidase A (alpha polypeptide)hexosaminidase A - TSD, N-acetyl-beta- HEXA glucosaminidase;beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase; hexosaminidase A 399 hexosaminidase B (betapolypeptide) hexosaminidase B - ENC-1AS, N-acetyl-beta- HEXBglucosaminidase; hexosaminidase B 400 hepatocyte growth factorhepapoietin A; Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) - F-TCF, HGF scatterfactor) HGFB, HPTA, SF, fibroblast-derived tumor cytotoxic factor;hepatocyte growth factor; hepatopoietin A; lung fibroblast-derivedmitogen; scatter factor 401 hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunitHIF - HIF-1alpha, HIF1-ALPHA, MOP1, H1F1A (basic helix-loop-helixtranscription factor) PASD8, ARNT interacting protein; hypoxia-inducible factor 1, ATPase Ca++ binding protein: ARNT interactingprotein; hypoxia- inducible factor 1, alpha subunit; member of PASsuperfamily 1 402 hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha Hepatocyte nuclearfactor 4, alpha - HNF4, HNF4A HNF4a7, HNF4a8, 1-1NF4a9, MODY, MODY1,NR2A1, NR2A21, TCF, TCF14 Other Designations: HNF4-alpha; hepaticnuclear factor 4 alpha; hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; transcriptionfactor-14 403 hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha hepatocyte nuclearfactor 4 - HNF4, HNF4a7, HNF4A HNF4a8, HNF4a9, MODY, MODY 1, NR2A1,NR2A21, TCF, TCF14, HNF4-alpha; hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha;hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; transcription factor-14 404haptoglobin haptoglobin - hp2-alpha HP 405 hepsin (transmembraneprotease, serine 1) protease hepsin - TMPRSSI HPN 406 hemopexinhaemopexin - hemopexin HPX 407 hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 211 betaHSD2: AME; AME1; HSD2; HSDIIK HSD11B2 408 heat shock 70 kDaprotein 1A dnaK-type molecular chaperone HSP70-1; heat HSPA1A shock 70kD protein 1A; heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; heat shock-induced protein409 heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 Heat shock protein 70, HSC54, HSC70,HSC71, HSPA8 HSP71, HSP73, HSPA10, LAP1, NIP71, LPS- associated protein1; N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor protein 71; constitutive heat shockprotein 70; heat shock 70 kD protein 8; heat shock 70 kd protein 10;heat shock cognate protein 54; heat shock cognate protein, 71-kDa;lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 1; uncharacterized bone marrowprotein BM034 410 heat shock 70 kDa protein 9 (mortalin) CSA, GR_P75,HSPA9B, MGC4500, MOT, HSPA9 MOT2, MTHSP75, PBP74, mot-2; 75 kDa glucoseregulated protein; heat shock 70 kD protein 9; heat shock 70 kD protein9B (mortalin- 2); heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B; heat shock 70 kDaprotein 9B (mortalin-2); mortalin, perinuclear; p66-mortalin;peptide-binding protein 74; stress-70 protein, mitochondrial 411 heatshock 70 kDa protein 98 (mortalin-2) heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B - CSA,GRP75, HSPA9B HSPA9, MOT, MOT2, MTHSP75, PBP74, mot- 2, 75 kDa glucoseregulated protein; heat shock 70 kD protein 9; heat shock 70 kD protein9B (mortalin-2); heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B; mortalin, perinuclear;p66-mortalin; peptide- binding protein 74; stress-70 protein,mitochondrial 412 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1F5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F - 5-HT1F, HTR1F HTRIEL, MR7,5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F; GENE RECEPTEUR 5HT6 HUMAIN 4135-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A 5-hydroxytryptamine 2Apolypeptide, 5HT2a HTR2A polypeptide - 5-HT2A, HTR2, 5-HT2 receptor 4145-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin) receptor 2B - 5- HTR2B HT(2B), 5-HT2B 4155-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor2C polypeptide - HTR2C 5-HT2C, HTRIC 416 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)receptor 3A 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 3A - 5-HT-3, 5- HTR3A HT3A,5-HT3R, 5HT3R, HTR3, 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor-3; 5HT3serotonin receptor; Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor; serotoninreceptor; truncated receptor, containing only 3 transmembrane domains417 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B 5-hydroxytryptaminereceptor 3B - 5-HT3B, 5- HTR3B hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3Bprecursor; 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor B subunit; serotonin-gated ionchannel subunit 418 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3,5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 3C - 5- HTR3C family member Chydroxytryptamine receptor 3 subunit C, 5HT3c 419 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin) receptor 4 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 - 5-HT4, 5- HTR4F1T4R, 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor; cardiac 5-HT4 receptor; serotonin5-HT4 receptor 420 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A SEROTONEN5-HT5A RECEPTOR - 5-HT5A, HTR5A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A 4215-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 6 G-Protein Coupled Receptor5-HT6 - 5-HT6 HTR6 422 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 75-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 - 5-HT7, 5- HTR7 (adenylatecyclase-coupled) hydroxytryptamine receptor 7; serotonin 5-HT-7 receptor423 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54), soluble intercellularadhesion molecule-1, BB2, ICAM1 human rhinovirus receptor CD54, P3.58,60 by aller segment 1; cell surface glycoprotein; cell surfaceglycoprotein P3.58; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 424 intercellularadhesion molecule 3 ICAM 3 - CD50, CDW5O, ICAM-R, ICAM3 intercellularadhesion molecule-3 425 carboxy-terminal-telopeptide of type 1 collagenI degradation byproduct (ICTP), ICTP collagen (ICTP)carboxy-terminal-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (ICTP) 426 interferon,gamma IFNG: IFG; IF1 IFNG 966 Cryoglobulines (CG) 1g 427 insulin-likegrowth factor 1 (somatomedin C) IGF-1: somatomedin C. insulin-likegrowth IGF1 factor-1 428 insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor - CD221, IGF1R IGF1R, JTK13, clone 1900unknown protein 429 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 IGFBP1 (1GFBP-1) - AFBP,IBP1, IGF-BP25, PP12, h1GFBP-1, IGF-binding protein 1; alpha-pregnancy-associated endometrial globulin; amniotic fluid bindingprotein; binding protein- 25; binding protein-26; binding protein-28;growth hormone independent-binding protein; placental protein 12 430insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 insulin-like growth factorbinding protein 3: IGFBP3 IGF-binding protein 3 - BP-53, IBP3, IGF-binding protein 3; acid stable subunit of the 140 K IGF complex; bindingprotein 29; binding protein 53; growth hormone-dependent binding protein431 interleukin 10 IL-10, CSIF, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF, cytokine IL10synthesis inhibitory factor 432 interleukin 12B (natural killercellstimulatory CLMF, CLMF2, IL-12B, NKSF, NKSF2; IL12, IL12B factor 2,cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation subunit p40; cytotoxic lymphocytematuration factor 2, p40) factor 2, p40; interleukin 12, p40;interleukin 12B; interleukin-12 beta chain; natural killer cellstimulatory factor, 40 kD subunit; natural killer cell stimulatoryfactor-2 433 interleukin 13 interleukin 13, ALRH, BHR1, IL-13, IL13MGC116786, MGC116788, MGC116789, P600 434 interleukin 17D IL17D:interleukin 27 IL17D 435 interleukin 17 receptor D SEF, IL-17RD,IL17RLM, SEF, similar IL17RD expression to FGF protein 436 interleukin18 (interferon-gamma-inducing IL-18-IGIF, IL-18, IL-1g, ILIF4, IL-1gamma; IL18 factor) interferon-gamma-inducing factor; interleukin 18;interleukin-1 gamma; interleukin-18 437 interleukin 1, betainterleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) - IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1B IL1F2, catabolin;preinterleukin 1 beta; pro- interleukin- 1 -beta 438 interleukin 1, betaIL-1B(+3954)T (associated with higher CRP IL1B levels) - IL-1, IL1-BETA,IL1F2, catabolin; preinterleukin 1 beta; pro-interleukin- -beta 439interleukin 1 family, member 5 (delta) Interleukin 1 - FIL1,FIL1(DELTA), FIL1D, IL1F5 IL1HY1, IL1L1, IL1RP3, IL-1 related protein 3;IL-1F5 (IL-1HY1, FIL1-delta, IL-1RP3, IL-11L1, IL-1-delta); IL-1rahomolog; IL1F5 (Canonical product IL-1 F5a); family of interleukin1-delta; interleukin 1 family, member 5; interleukin 1, delta;interleukin-1 HY1; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist homolog 1;interleukin- 1-like protein 1 440 interleukin 1 receptor, type I IL1RA -CD121A, IL-1R-alpha, ILIR, ILIRA, IL1R1 P80, IL-1 receptor (fibroblasttype): antigen CD121a; interleukin 1 receptor alpha, type 1; interleukinreceptor 1 441 interleukin 1 receptor-like I interleukin-1 receptorfamily member, ST2 - IL1RL1 DER4, FIT-1, ST2, ST2L, ST2V, T1, homolog ofmouse growth stimulation-expressed gene; interleukin 1 receptor-relatedprotein 442 interleukin 1 receptor antagonist interleukin-1 receptorantagonist (IL-1Ra) - IL1RN ICIL-IRA, IL-1ra3, IL1F3, IL1RA, IRAP, ILIRN(ILIF3); intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist type II; intracellularinterleukin-I receptor antagonist (icIL-1ra); type II interleukin-1receptor antagonist 443 interleukin 1 receptor antagonist IL-IRN(VNTR)*2(associated with lower CRP IL1RN levels) - ICIL-1RA, IL-1ra3, IL1F3,IL1RA, IRAP, IL1RN (IL1F3); intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist typeII; intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (icIL-1ra); type IIinterleukin-1 receptor antagonist 444 interleukin 2 interleukin-2(IL-2) - IL-2, TCGF, lymphokine, IL2 T cell growth factor; aldesleukin;interleukin-2; involved in regulation of T-cell clonal expansion 445interleukin 2 receptor, alpha IL-2R - CD25, IL2R, TCGFR, 1nterleukin-2IL2RA receptor, interleukin 2 receptor, alpha chain 446 interleukin 2receptor, beta IL-2R - CD122, P70-75, CD122 antigen; high IL2RB affinityIL-2 receptor beta subunit; interleukin 2 receptor beta 447 interleukin3 (colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, MCGF, MGC79398, MGC79399, MULT1- IL3multiple) CSF; P-cell stimulating factor; hematopoietic growth factor;interleukin 3; mast-cell growth factor; multi lineage-colony-stimulatingfactor 448 interkeukin 4 BSF1, IL-4, MGC79402 B_cell stimulatory IL4factor 1; lymphocyte stimulatory factor 449 interleukin 5(colony-stimulating factor, EDF, IL-5, TRF; B cell differentiationfactor I; IL5 eosinophil) T-cell replacing factor; eosinophildifferentiation actor; interleukin 5; interleukin-5 450 interleukin 6(interferon, beta 2) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), BSF2, HGF, HSF, IFNB2, IL6IL-6 451 interleukin 6 receptor interleukin-6 receptor, soluble(sIL-6R) - IL6R CD126, IL-6R-1, IL-6R-alpha, IL6RA, CD126 antigen;interleukin 6 receptor alpha subunit 452 interleukin 6 signal transducer(gp130, gp130, soluble (sgp130) - CD130, CDw130, IL6ST oncostatin Mreceptor) GP130, GP130-RAPS, IL6R-beta, CD130 antigen; IL6ST nirsvariant 3; gp130 of the rheumatoid arthritis antigenic peptide-bearingsoluble form; gp130 transducer chain; interleukin 6 signal transducer;interleukin receptor beta chain; membrane glycoprotein gp130; oncostatinM receptor 453 interleukin 7 IL-7, IL7 nirs variant 1; IL7 nirs variant2; IL7 IL7 nirs variant 4 454 interleukin 8 Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 3-10C,AMCF-I, CXCL8, IL8 GCP-I, GCPI, IL-8, K60, LECT, LUCT, LYNAP, MDNCF,MONAP, NAF, NAP-I, NAP1, SCYB8, TSG-I, b-ENAP, CXC chemokine ligand 8;LUCT/interleukin-8; T cell chemotactic factor; beta-thromboglobulin-likeprotein; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8; emoctakin; granulocytechemotactic protein 1; lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating factor;monocyte derived neutrophil-activating protein; monocyte-derivedneutrophil chemotactic factor; neutrophil-activating factor; neutrophil-activating peptide 1; neutrophil-activating protein 1; protein 3-10C;small inducible cytokine subfamily B, member 8 455 interleukin 8receptor, alpha C-C; C-C CKR- 1; CD128; CD181; CDw128a; IL8RA CKR-1;CMKARI; CXCRI; IL8R1; IL8RBA, IL-8 receptor; IL-8 receptor type 1;chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1; chemokine (C-X-C) receptor 1; highaffinity interleukin-8 receptor A; interleukin-8 receptor alpha;interleukin-8 receptor type 1; interleukin-8 receptor type A 456interleukin 8 receptor, beta CXC chemokine receptor 2 - CD182, CDw128b,IL8RB CMKAR2, CXCR2, IL8R2, IL8RA - CXCR2 gene for IL8 receptor type B;GRO/MGSA receptor; chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2; chemokine (CXC)receptor 2; high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B; interleukin 8receptor B; interleukin 8 receptor beta; interleukin 8 receptor type 2;interleukin-8 receptor type B 457 integrin-linked kinase integrin-linkedkinase 1 - P59 ILK 458 integrin-linked kinase-2 integrin-linked kinase 2ILK-2 459 inhibin, beta A (activin A, activin AB alpha activin A - EDF,FRP, Inhibin, beta-1; inhibin INHBA polypeptide) beta A 460 insulininsulin, proinsulin INS 461 insulin-like 4 (placenta) insulin-like 4gene - EPIL, PLACENTIN, early INSL4 placenta insulin-like peptide(EPIL); insulin-like 4 462 CD220, HHF5 insulin receptor INSR 463 IQmotif containing GTPase activating IQ motif containing GTPase activatingprotein I - IQGAP1 protein I HUMORFA01, SAR1, p195, RasGAP-like with IQmotifs 464 IQ motif containing GTPase activating IQ motif containingGTPase activating protein 2 - IQGAP2 protein 2 465 integrin, alpha 2b(platelet glycoprotein IIb of glycoprotein-lib - CD41, CD41B, GP2B,GPIIb, ITGA2B IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41) GTA, HPA3, integrin alpha2b; integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of IIb/IIIa complex,antigen CD41B); platelet fibrinogen receptor, alpha subunit;platelet-specific antigen BAK, GP IIb/IIIa 466 integrin, alpha L(antigen CD11A (p180), integrin alpha-L - CD11A, LFA-1, LFA1A, ITGALlymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; LFA-1 alpha; antigen CD11A(p180), alpha polypeptide) lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1,alpha polypeptide; integrin alpha L; integrin gene promoter; lymphocytefunction-associated antigen 1 467 integrin, beta 2 (complement component3 Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) leukocyte adhesion ITGB2 receptor 3 and 4 subunit)molecule - CD18, LAD, LCAMB, LFA-1, MAC-1, MF17, MF17, cell surfaceadhesion glycoprotein (LFA-1/CR3/P150,959 beta subunit precursor);complement receptor C3 beta- subunit; integrin beta 2; integrin betachain, beta 2; integrin, beta 2; integrin, beta 2 (antigen CD18 (p95),lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; macrophage antigen 1 (mac-1)beta subunit); leukocyte cell adhesion molecule CD18;leukocyte-associated antigens CD18/11A, CD18/11B, CD18/11C 468 integrin,beta (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, glycoprotein lib/IIIa - CD61, GP3A,GPIIIa, ITGB3 antigen CD61) integrin beta chain, beta 3; plateletglycoprotein IIIa precursor 469 Integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoproteinIIIa, platelet glycoprotein IIIa Leu33Pro allele/ ITGB3 antigen CD61)P1(Al/A2) polymorphism of GPIIIa/P1(A2) (Leu33Pro) polymorphism ofbeta(3) integrins/ polymorphism responsible for the P1(A2) alloantigenon the beta(3)-component - CD61, GP3A, GPIa, integrin beta chain, b 470junctional adhesion molecule 2 junction adhesion molecules-1, 2, and 3 -JAM2 C21orf43, CD322, JAM-B, JAMB, PRO245, VE-JAM, VEJAM, JAM-IT/VE-JAM;junctional adhesion molecule B; vascular endothelial junction-associatedmolecule 471 junctional adhesion molecule 3 junction adhesionmolecules-1, 2, and 3 - JAM- JAM3 C, JAMC, junctional adhesion moleculeC 472 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker- voltage-gated-K+ channel(KV1.2) HBK5, KCNA2 related subfamily, beta member 2 HK4, HUKIV, KV1.2,MK2, NGK1, RBK2, potassium channel; voltage-gated potassium channelprotein Kv1.2 473 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-voltage-gated-K+ channel (KV1.5) - HCK1, KCNA5 related subfamily, betamember 5 HK2, HPCN1, KV1.5, PCN1, cardiac potassium channel; insulinomaand islet potassium channel; potassium channel 1; potassium channelprotein; voltage-gated potassium channel; voltage-gated potassiumchannel protein Kv1.5 474 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-voltage-gated-K+ channel β subunit: potassium KCNAB1 related subfamily,beta member 1 channel beta 3 chain; potassium channel beta3 subunit;potassium channel shaker chain beta 1a; potassium voltage-gated channelbeta subunit; voltage-gated potassium channel beta-1 subunit 475potassium voltage-gated channel, 1sk-related LQT5, LQT6, MIRP1, cardiacvoltage-gated KCNE2 family, member 2 potassium channel accessory subunit2; minK- related peptide-1; minimum potassium ion channel-relatedpeptide 1; potassium channel subunit, MiRP 1; potassium voltage-gatedchannel subfamily E member 2; voltage-gated K+ channel subunit MIRP1 476potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily ERG1, HERG, HERG1, Kv11.1,LQT2, cause of KCNH2 H (eag-related), member 2 Long QT Syndrome Type 2;ether-a-go-go- related potassium channel protein; human eag- relatedgene; potassium channel HERG; potassium channel HERG1; potassiumvoltage- gated channel, subfamily H, member 2; voltage- gated potassiumchannel; voltage-gated potassium channel, subfamily H, member 2 477potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, KCNJ2 - HHBIRK1, HHIRK1, IRK1,KIR2.1, KCNJ2 subfamily J, member 2 LQT7, cardiac inward rectifierpotassium channel; inward rectifier K+ channel KIR2.1; inward rectifierpotassium channel 2; potassium inwardly-rectifying channel J2 478potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, Protein- Coupled InwardlyRectifying Potassium KCNJ3 subfamily J, member 3 Channel - GIRK1,KIR3.1, G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1; inwardrectifier K+ channel KIR3.1; potassium inwardly-rectifying channel J3479 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,protein-coupled-inwardly-rectifying- potassium- KCNJ6 subfamily J,member 6 channel-GIRK2 - BIR1, GIRK2, KATP2, KCNJ7, KIR3.2, hiGIRK2, Gprotein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2; inward rectifierpotassium channel KIR3,2; potassium inwardly-rectifying channel J6 480potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, RP11-536C5.1, GIRK3, KIR3.3; Gprotein- KCNJ9 subfamily J, member 9 activated inward rectifierpotassium channel 3; G protein-coupled inward rectifier potassiumchannel; inwardly rectifier K+ channel KIR3.3; potassiuminwardly-rectifying channel subfamily J9 481 potassium channel,subfamily K, member 1 potassium channel subfamily K, member 1 - KCNK1DPK, HOHO, TWIK-1, TWIK1, potassium channel, subfamily K, member 1(TWIK-1); potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily K, member 1482 Potassium Channel Subfamily K. Member 10 K2p10.1, TREK-2, TREK2; 2Pdomain KCNK10 potassium channel TREK2; TWIK related K+ channel 2;outward rectifying potassium channel protein TREK-2; potassium channelTREK-2 483 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 2 potassium channelsubfamily K, member 2 - KCNK2 TPKC1, TREK, TREK-1, TREK1, hTREK-1c,hTREK-1e, TWIK-related potassium channel 1; potassium channel, subfamilyK, member 2 (TREK-1); potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamilyK, member 2; tandem-pore- domain potassium channel TREK-1 splice variante; two-pore potassium channel 1 484 potassium channel, subfamily K,member 3 potassium channel subfamily K, member 3 - KCNK3 OAT1, TASK,TASK-1, TBAK1, Kcnk3 channel; TW1K-related acid-sensitive K+ channel;acid-sensitive potassium channel protein TASK; cardiac potassiumchannel; potassium channel, subfamily K, member 3 (TASK); potassiumchannel, subfamily K, member 3 (TASK-1); potassium inwardly- rectifyingchannel, subfamily K, member 3; two P domain potassium channel 485potassium channel, subfamily K, member 4 potassium channel subfamily K,member 4 - KCNK4 TRAAK, TRAAK1, TRAAK; TWIK-related arachidonicacid-stimulated potassium channel protein; two pore K+ channel KT4.1 486potassium channel, subfamily K, member 5 potassium channel subfamily K,member 5 - KCNK5 TASK-2, TASK2, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel2; acid-sensitive potassium channel protein TASK-2; potassium channel,subfamily K, member 1 (TASK-2); potassium channel, subfamily K, member 5(TASK-2) 487 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 6 potassium channelsubfamily K, member 6 - KCNK6 KCNK8, TOSS, TWIK-2, TWIK2, TWIK-originated sodium similarity sequence; inward rectifying potassiumchannel protein TWIK-2; potassium channel, subfamily K, member 6(TWIK-2) 488 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 7 Potassium ChannelSubfamily K Member 7 - KCNK7 TWIK3, potassium channel, subfamily K,member 7, isoform B; two pore domain K+ channel 489 potassium channel,subfamily K, member 9 Potassium Channels Subfamily K Member 9 - KCNK9KT3.2, TASK-3, TASK3, TWIK-related acid- sensitive K+ channel 3;acid-sensitive potassium channel protein TASK-3; potassium channelTASK3; potassium channel, subfamily K, member 9 (TASK-3) 490 potassiumvoltage-gated channel, KQT-like KCNQ1-ATFB1, KCNA8, KCNA9, KVLQT1, KCNQ1subfamily, member 1 Kv1.9, Kv7.1, LQT, LQT1, RWS, WRS, kidney andcardiac voltage dependend K+ channel; long (electrocardiographic) QTsyndrome, Ward- Romano syndrome 1; slow delayed rectifier channelsubunit 491 Kell blood group, metalloendopeptidase X-pro dipeptidaselike peptidase - ECE3; KEL CD238, PEPD-like 492 mixed lineage kinase 4MLK4 alpha, MLK4 beta - MLK4 KIAA1804 493 G protein-coupled receptor 54G-protein coupled receptor 54 - KISSIR 494 kallikrein 1,renal/pancreas/salivary kallikrein 1 - KLKR, Klk6, hK1, glandular KLK1kallikrein 1; kallikrein 1; kallikrein serine protease 1; tissuekallikrein 495 kallikrein 10 kallikrein 10 - NES1, PRSSL1, breast normalKLK10 epithelial cell associated serine protease; normal epithelialcell-specific 1; protease, serine-like, 1 496 kallikrein 11 kallikrein11 - PRSS20, TLSP, hippostasin; KLK11 protease, serine, 20 trypsin-like;protease, serine, trypsin-like 497 kallikrein 12 kallikrein 12 - KLK-L5,kallikrein-like protein 5 KLK12 498 kallikrein 15 kallikrein 15 - ACO,HSRNASPH, ACO KLK15 protease; kallikrein-like serine protease;prostinogen 499 kallikrein 2, prostatic kallikrein 2 - KLK2A2, hK2,glandular kallikrein 2 KLK2 500 kallikrein 5 kallikrein 5 - KLK-L2,KLKL2, SCTE, KLK5 kallikrein-like protein 2; stratum corneum trypticenzyme 501 kallikrein 6 (neurosin, zyme) kallikrein 6 - Bssp, Klk7,NEUROSIN, PRSS18, KLK6 PRSS9, SP59, ZYME, hK6, kallikrein 6; protease M;protease, serine, 18; protease, serine, 9 502 kallikrein 7(chymotryptic, stratum corneum) kallikrein 7 - PRSS6, SCCE, kallikrein 7splice KLK7 variant 3; protease, serine, 6; stratum corneum chymotrypticenzyme 503 kallikrein 8 (neuropsin/ovasin) kallikrein 8 - HNP, NP, NRPN,PRSS19, KLK8 TADG14, kallikrein 8; neuropsin; neuropsin type 1;neuropsin type 2; ovasin; protease, serine, 19; tumor-associateddifferentially expressed gene 14 504 kallikrein 9 kallikrein 9 - KLK-L3,KLK8, KLKL3, KLK9 kallikrein 8; kallikrein 9 splice variant 2;kallikrein-like protein 3 505 kallikrein B, plasma (Fletcher factor) 1kallikrein 3 - KLK3 - Kallikrein, plasma; KLKB1 kallikrein 3, plasma;kallikrein B plasma; kininogenin; plasma kallikrein B1 506 kininogen 1high molecular weight kininogen - BDK, KNG, KNG1 kininogen,alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor, bradykinin 507 lymphocyte-activationgene 3 Lymphocyte-activation protein 3 - CD223, LAG3lymphocyte-activation protein 3 508 laminin, alpha 3 laminin alpha -E170, LAMNA, LOCS, lama3a, LAMA3 BM600 150 kD subunit; epiligrin 170 kdasubunit; epiligrin alpha 3 subunit; kalinin 165 kD subunit; lamininalpha 3 subunit; laminin, alpha 3 (nicein (150 kD), kalinin (165 kD),BM600 (150 kD), epilegrin); laminin-5 alpha 3 chain; nicein 150 kDsubunit 509 laminin, beta 3 laminin - LAMNB1, BM600-125 kDa; kalinin-LAMB3 140 kDa; laminin subunit beta 3; laminin, beta 3 (nicein (125 kD),kalinin (140 kD), BM600 (125 kD)); nicein-125 kDa 510 laminin, gamma 2laminin-gamma(2) - B2T, BM600, EBR2, LAMC2 EBR2A, LAMB2T, LAMNB2, BM600-100 kDa; kalinin (105 kD); kalinin-105 kDa; laminin, gamma 2 (nicein(100 kD), kalinin (1051(D), BM600 (10010), Herlitz junctionalepidermolysis bullosa)); nicein (100 kDa); nicein- 100 kDa 511lysosome-associated membrane protein CD107a, LAMPA, LGP120 LAMP1 512lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT - LCAT 513 lipocalin 2(oncogene 24p3) neutrophil proteinase-associated lipocalin LCN2 (NGAL) -NGAL 514 lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain lymphocyte cytosolicprotein 2 - SLP-76, SLP76, LCP2 containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa)76 kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein; SH2 domain- containing leukocyte proteinof 76 kD; lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2; lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2(SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD) 515 low densitylipoprotein receptor (familial LDLR - FH, FHC, LDL receptor; LDLR LDLRhypercholesterolemia) precursor; low density lipoprotein receptor 516left-right determination factor 2 endometrial bleeding-associatedfactor: LEFTY2 endometrial bleeding associated factor; endometrialbleeding associated factor (left-right determination, factor A;transforming growth factor beta superfamily); transforming growthfactor, beta-4 (endometrial bleeding-associated factor; LEFTY A) 517leptin (obesity homolog, mouse) leptin - OB, OBS, leptin; leptin (murineobesity LEP homolog); obesity; obesity (murine homolog, leptin 518leptin receptor leptin receptor, soluble - CD295, OBR, OB LEPR receptor519 legumain putative cysteine protease 1 - AEP, LGMN1, LGMN PRSC1,asparaginyl endopeptidase; cysteine protease 1; protease, cysteine, 1(legumain) 520 leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein- GProtein-Coupled Receptor 49 - FEX, GPR49, LGR5 coupled receptor 5 GPR67,GRP49, HG38, G protein-coupled receptor 49; G protein-coupled receptor67; orphan G protein-coupled receptor HG38 521 leucine-richrepeat-containing G protein- leucine-rich repeat-containing GPCR 6 -GPCR, LGR6 coupled receptor 6 gonadotropin receptor 522 leucine-richrepeat-containing G protein- Leucine- Rich Repeat-Containing G-ProteinLGR7 coupled receptor 7 Coupled Receptor 7 - LGR7.1, LGR7.10, LGR7.2,RXFP1, relaxin family peptide receptor 1 523 leucine-richrepeat-containing G protein- G-protein coupled receptor 105 - GPR106,LGR8 coupled receptor 8 GREAT, LGR8.1, RXFP2, G protein coupled receptoraffecting testicular descent 524 LIM domain kinase 1 LIM domain kinase1 - LIMK, LIM motif- LIMK1 containing protein kinase 525 lipase A,lysosomal acid, cholesterol esterase lipase A, lysosomal acid,cholesterol esterase LIPA (Wolman disease) (Wolman disease) - CESD, LAL;cholesterol ester hydrolase; lipase A; lysosomal acid lipase; sterolesterase 526 lipase, hepatic LIPC - HL, HTGL, LIPH, lipase C LIPC 527lipase, hepatic LIPC - HL, HTGL, LIPH, lipase C LIPC 528 lipoprotein,Lp(a) lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], AK38, APOA, LP, LPA Apolipoprotein Lp(a);antiangiogenic AK38 protein; apolipoprotein(a) 529 latrophilin 1secretin-type GPCR - CIRL1, CL1, LEC2, LPHN1 calcium-independentalpha-latrotoxin receptor 1; lectomedin-2 530 latrophilin 2secretin-type GPCR - CIRL2, CL2, LEC1, LPHN2 LPHH1, calcium-independentalpha-latrotoxin receptor 2; latrophilin 1; latrophilin homolog 1;latrophilin homolog 2 (cow); lectomedin-1 531 latrophilin 3secretin-type GPCR - CIRL3, LEC3, calcium- LPHN3 independentalpha-latrotoxin receptor 3; latrophilin homolog 3 (cow); lectomedin 3532 lipoprotein lipase LPL - LIPD LPL 533 low densitylipoprotein-related protein 1 lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1(soluble LRP1 (alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor) (sLRP1)(alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor) - A2MR, APOER, APR, CD91; LRP, TGFBR5,alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor; low density lipoprotein-related protein1; type V tgf-beta receptor 534 lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily,lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily, member LTA member 1) 1) - LT, TNFB,TNFSF1, lymphotoxin alpha; tumor necrosis factor beta 535 leukotriene B4receptor G-protein-coupled receptor LTB4 - BLT1, LTB4R BLTR, CMKRL1,GPR16, LTB4R1, LTBR1, P2RY7, P2Y7, G protein-coupled receptor 16;chemokine receptor-like 1; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 7536 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 mitogen-activated proteinkinase kinase 5 - MAP2K2 MAPKK2, MEK2, MKK2, PRKMK2, ERK activatorkinase 2; MAP kinase kinase 2; MAPK/ERK kinase 2; dual specificitymitogen- activated protein kinase kinase 2; mitogen- activated proteinkinase kinase 2, p45, MAP2K5 polypeptide 537 mitogen-activated proteinkinase kinase 3 MKK3 - MAPKK3, MEK3, MKK3, PRKMK3, MAP2K3 MAP kinasekinase 3; MAPK/ERK kinase 3; dual specificity mitogen activated proteinkinase kinase 3 538 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mitogenactivated protein kinase MAP3KX - MAP3K1 kinase 1 MAPKKK1, MEKK, MEKK1,MAP/ERK kinase kinase 1; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 1; MEK kinase 1 539mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mitogen-activated protein kinasekinase kinase MAP3K10 kinase 10 10 - MLK2, MST, MKN28 derivednonreceptor_type serine/threonine kinase; MKN28 kinase; mixed lineagekinase 2 540 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mitogen-activatedprotein kinase kinase kinase- MAP3K11 kinase 11 11 - MLK-3, MLK3, PTK1,SPRK, SH3 domain-containing proline-rich kinase; mixed lineage kinase 3;protein-tyrosine kinase PTK1 541 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinasemitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MAP3K13 kinase 13 13 -LZK, leucine zipper-bearing kinase 542 mitogen-activated protein kinasekinase mitogen activated protein kinase MAP3KX - MAP3K2 kinase 2 MEKK2,MEKK2B, MAP/ERK kinase kinase 2; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 2; MEK kinase 2543 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mitogen activated proteinkinase MAP3KX - MAP3K3 kinase 3 MAPKKK3, MEKK3, MAP/ERK kinase kinase 3;MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 3 544 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinaseMitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase MAP3K5 kinase 5 5 - ASK1,MAPKKK5, MEKK5, MAP/ERK kinase kinase 5; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 5;apoptosis signal regulating kinase 545 mitogen-activated protein kinasekinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 - MAP3K9 kinase9 MLK1, PRKE1, mixed lineage kinase 1 (tyr and ser/thr specificity) 546mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) - MAPK1 ERK, ERK2, ERT1, MAPK2, P42MAPK, PRKM1, PRKM2, p38, p40,p41, p4lmapk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2; mitogen-activated protein kinase 2; protein tyrosine kinase ERK2 547mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) - MAPK11 P38B, P38BETA2, PRKM11, SAPK2, SAPK2B, p38-2, p38Beta,mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 beta; mitogen-activated proteinkinase p38- 2; stress-activated protein kinase-2; stress- activatedprotein kinase-2b 548 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) - MAPK14 CSBP1, CSBP2, CSPB1,EXIP, Mxi2, PRKM14, PRKM15, RK, SAPK2A, p38, p38ALPHA, Csaids bindingprotein; MAP kinase Mxi2; MAX-interacting protein 2; cytokinesuppressive anti-inflammatory drug binding protein; p38 MAP kinase; p38mitogen activated protein kinase; p38alpha Exip; stress- activatedprotein kinase 2A 549 microtubule-associated protein tau tau protein -DDPAC, FTDP-17, MAPTL, MAPT MSTD, MTBT1, MTBT2, PPND, TAU, G proteinbeta1/gamma2 subunit-interacting factor 1; microtubule-associatedprotein tau, isoform 4; tau protein 550 megakaryocyte-associatedtyrosine kinase megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine protein MATK kinase -CHK, CTK, HHYLTK, HYL, HY LTK, Lsk, Csk-homologous kinase; Csk-typeprotein tyrosine kinase; HYL tyrosine kinase; hematopoietic consensustyrosine-lacking kinase; hydroxyaryl-protein kinase; leukocytecarboxyl-terminal src kinase related gene; protein kinase HYL; tyrosinekinase MATK; tyrosine-protein kinase CTK; tyrosylprotein kinase 551myoglobin Myoglobin, PVALB MB 552 myelin basic protein myelin basicprotein (MBP) MBP 553 membrane-bound transcription factor subtilase-likeserine protease - PCSK8, SIP, MBTPS1 peptidase, site 1 SKI-1,membrane-bound transcription factor protease, site 1; membrane-boundtranscription factor site-1 protease; site-1 protease; subtilisin/kexinisozyme-1 554 melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte melanocortin 1receptor - MSH-R, melanocortin MC1R stimulating hormone receptor) 1receptor; melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor; melanotropin receptor555 melanocortin 2 receptor (adrenocorticotropic melanocortin-2 - ACTHR,ACTH receptor; MC2 MC2R hormone) 1 receptor; adrenocorticotropic hormonereceptor; corticotropin receptor; melanocortin 2 receptor 556melanocortin 3 receptor G protein coupled receptor MC3 - MC3 MC3R 557melanocortin 4 receptor G protein coupled receptor MC4 - MC4R 558melanocortin 5 receptor G protein coupled receptor MC5 MC5R 559melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 G Protein-Coupled Receptor 24 -GPR24, MCHR1 MCH1R, SLC1, G protein-coupled receptor 24; G-proteincoupled receptor 24 isoform 1, GPCR24 560 Mdm2, transformed 3T3 celldouble minute MDM2 - hdm2, mouse double minute 2 MDM2 2, p53 bindingprotein (mouse homolog; mouse double minute 2, human homolog of;p53-binding protein; p53-binding protein MDM2; ubiquitin-protein ligaseE3 Mdm2 561 c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase receptor tyrosinekinase MerTK - MER, c-mer, MERTK MER receptor tyrosine kinase; STKkinase 562 methionyl aminopeptidase 1 METH1ON1NE AM1NOPEPTIDASE 1 METAP1(MetAP 1) - 563 methionyl aminopeptidase 2 methionine aminopeptidase 2polypeptide - METAP2 MNPEP, p67 564 MLCK protein MGC126319, MGC126320,MLCK2; cardiac- MLCK MyBP-C associated Ca/CaM kinase; myosin light chainkinase 565 motilin receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 38 - GPR38, MLNRMTLR1, G protein-coupled receptor 38 566 membrane metallo-endopeptidase(neutral neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) - CALLA, MME endopeptidase,enkephalinase, CALLA, CD10, NEP, membrane metallo-endopeptidase; CD10)neprilysin 567 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial matrixmetalloproteinase-1 - CLG, CLGN, MMP1 collagenase) fibroblastcollagenase; interstitial collagenase; matrix metalloprotease 1; matrixmetalloproteinase 1; matrix metalloproteinase 1 (interstitialcollagenase) 568 matrix metallopeptidase 11 (stromelysin 3) SL-3, ST3,STMY3, matrix metalloproteinase MMP11 11; matrix metalloproteinase 11(stromelysin 3); stromelysin 3; stromelysin III 569 matrixmetallopeptidase 12 (macrophage Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), HME,MME, MMP12 elastase) macrophage elastase; macrophage metalloelastase;matrix metalloproteinase 12; matrix metalloproteinase 12 (macrophageelastase) 570 matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane- MatrixMetalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-XI, MMP14 inserted) MTI-MMP, MTMMP1,matrix metalloproteinase 14; matrix metalloproteinase 14(membrane-inserted); membrane type 1 metalloprotease; membrane-typematrix metalloproteinase 1; membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase 571matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, Matrix Metalloproteinases(MMP), MMP-2, MMP2 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV CLG4, CLG4A,MMP-II, MONA, TBE-1, 7210 collagenase) type IV collagenase; collagenasetype IV-A; matrix metalloproteinase 2; matrix metalloproteinase 2(gelatinase A, 72 kD gelatinase, 72 kD type IV collagenase); matrixmetalloproteinase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IVcollagenase); matrix metalloproteinase-11; neutrophil gelatinase 572matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1, Matrix Metalloproteinases(MMP), SL-1, MMP3 progelatinase) STMY, STMY1, STR1, matrixmetalloproteinase 3; matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin 1,progelatinase); progelatinase; proteoglycanase; stromelysin 1; transin-1573 matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, Matrix Metalloproteinases(MMP), MMP-9, MMP9 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV CLG4B, GELB, 92 kDtype IV collagenase; collagenase) gelatinase B; macrophage gelatinase;matrix metalloproteinase 9; matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kD gelatinase, 92 kD type IV collagenase); matrix metalloproteinase 9(gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase); type Vcollagenase 574 marapsin 2 marapsin - marapsin 2 MPN2 575myeloperoxidase Myeloperoxidase - myeloperoxidase MPO 576 MAS-relatedGPR, member D MAS-RELATED GENE - MRGD, TGR7, mas- MRGPRD related Gprotein-coupled MRGD 577 MAS-related GPR, member E Mas related G-proteincoupled receptor E - MRGPRE GPR167, MRGE, G protein-coupled receptor167; mas-related G protein-coupled MRGE 578 MAS-related GPR, member Fhuman rta-like g protein-coupled receptor - mas MRGPRF related gene F,GPR140, GPR168, RTA, mrgF, G protein-coupled receptor 168; G protein-coupled receptor MrgF; seven transmembrane helix receptor 579MAS-related GPR, member X1 Mas-related gene X1 - sensory neuron-specificG MRGPRX1 protein-coupled receptor 4, GPCR, MRGX1, SNSR4, Gprotein-coupled receptor MRGX1; G protein-coupled receptor SNSR3 580MAS-related GPR, member X3 Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor 3 -MRGPRX3 sensory neuron-specific G protein-coupled receptor 1, GPCR,MRGX3, SNSR1, G protein- coupled receptor MRGX3; G protein-coupledreceptor SNSR1; G protein-coupled receptor SNSR2 5815,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase - MTHFR (NADPH) methylenetetrahydrofolate reductaseintermediate form, red blood cell 5- methyltetrahydrofolate (RBC5-MTHFR) - (MTHFR Al298C) mutation 582 melatonin receptor 1A melatoninreceptor type 1A - MEL-1A-R, MTNR1A melatonin receptor type 1A 583melatonin receptor 1B melatonin receptor type 1B - MEL-1B-R, MTNR1Bmelatonin receptor MEL1B; melatonin receptor type 1B 584 microsomaltriglyceride transfer protein microsomal triglyceride transfer protein -ABL, MTTP MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (largepolypeptide, 88 kD); microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (largepolypeptide, 88 kDa); microsomal triglyceride transfer protein largesubunit 585 mucin 16, cell surface associated CA-125, CA125, CA125ovarian cancer antigen; MUC16 mucin 16 586 myeloid differentiationprimary response myeloid differentiation primary response gene MYD88gene (88) 587 myosin, heavy polypeptide 11, smooth smooth muscle heavychain - AAT4, FAA4, MYH11 muscle SMHC, SMMHC, smooth muscle myosin heavychain 11 588 myosin, heavy polypeptide 6, cardiac muscle, myosin heavychain, cardiac - ASD3, MYHC, MYH6 alpha (cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic 1)MYHCA, alpha-MHC, alpha myosin heavy chain; alpha-myosin heavy chain;myosin heavy chain 6; myosin heavy chain, cardiac muscle alpha isoform589 myosin, heavy polypeptide 7, cardiac muscle, myosin heavy chain,cardiac - CMD1S, CMH1, MYH7 beta MPD1, MYHCB, beta-myosin heavy chain;myopathy, distal 1; myosin heavy chain (AA 1-96); rhabdomyosarcomaantigen MU-RMS- 40.7A 590 myosin, heavy polypeptide 7B, cardiac myosinheavy chain, cardiac - MYH14, U937- MYH7B muscle, beta associatedantigen; antigen MLAA-21; myosin heavy chain-like 591 myosin, lightpolypeptide 1, alkali; skeletal, myosin light chain 1, cardiac - MLC1F,MLC3F, MYL1 fast A1 catalytic; A2 catalytic; fast skeletal myosin alkalilight chain 1 592 myosin, light polypeptide 2, regulatory, myosin lightchain 11, cardiac - CMH10, MLC2, MYL2 cardiac, slow myosin light chain 2593 myocardin myocardin - MYCD MYOCD 594 folate hydrolase(prostate-specific membrane N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase2 - NAALAD2 antigen) 1 FGCP, FOLH, GCP2, GCP11, NAALAD1, NAALAdase, PSM,PSMA, mGCP, N- acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 1; folatehydrolase 1; folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase; glutamatecarboxylase 11; glutamate carboxypeptidase 11; membrane glutamatecarboxypeptidase; prostate-specific membrane antigen; pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase 595 N-acetylated alpha-linked acidicdipeptidase- N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase-like NAALADL1like 1 1 - 1100, NAALADASEL, 100 kDa ileum brush border membraneprotein; N-acetylated alpha- linked acidic dipeptidase-like; ilealdipeptidylpeptidase 596 NGF1-A binding protein 1 (EGR1 bindingNGF1-A-binding protein - EGR1 binding protein NAB1 protein 1) 1; NGF1-Abinding protein 1; NGF1-A-binding protein 1 597 NGF1-A binding protein 2(EGR1 binding MADER, EGR1 binding protein 2; NGF1-A NAB2 protein 2)binding protein 2; NGFIA-binding protein-2; melanoma-associated delayedearly response protein 598 napsin A aspartic peptidase napsin 1 - KAP,Kdap, NAP1, NAPA, SNAPA, NAPSA napsin A; pronapsin A 599 neural celladhesion molecule 1 VCAM-1 - neural cell adhesion molecule 1, NCAM1CD56, MSK39, NCAM, antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 5.1H11;neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM 600 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)1 alpha CD14 (C-260T polymorphism) entered “CD14”, NDUFA2 subcomplex, 2,8 kDa B8, CD14, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 2 (8kD, B8) 601 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related serine/threonineprotein kinase NEK1 - NY- NEK1 kinase 1 REN-55, protein-serine/threoninekinase gene; serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek 1 602 NIMA (never inmitosis gene a)-related never in mitosis gene A-related kinase 3 NEK3kinase 3 polypeptide - HSPK36, NIMA-related kinase 3; glycogen synthaseA kinase; hydroxyalkyl- protein kinase; phosphorylase B kinase kinase;serine/threonine-protein kinase NEK3 603 NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related NEK-like serine/threonine kinase - JCK, NEK8 kinase 8 NEK12A,NIMA-family kinase NEK8; NIMA- related kinase 12a; NIMA-related kinase8; serine/thrionine-protein kinase NEK8 604 nerve growth factor, betapolypeptide B-type neurotrophic growth factor (BNGF) - NGFB beta-nervegrowth factor; nerve growth factor, beta subunit 605 neuromedin Breceptor Neuromedin B Receptor - NMBR 606 neuromedin U receptor 1Neuromedin U 1 receptor - (FM-3), FM-3, GPC- NMUR1 R, GPR66, NMU1R, Gprotein-coupled receptor 66 607 neuromedin U receptor 2 neuromedin U2receptor - FM4, NMU2R NMUR2 608 nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible,inducible nitric oxide synthase - HEP-NOS, NOS2A hepatocytes) INOS, NOS,NOS2, NOS, type II; nitric oxide synthase 2A; nitric oxide synthase,macrophage 609 nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell) 393 ecNOSallele/missense Glu298Asp variant NOS3 of endothelial nitric oxidesynthase gene/T(−786)--> C mutation in the 5′-flanking region of theendothelial nitric oxide synthase gene - ECNOS, NOS III, eNOS,endothelial nitric oxidase synthase; endothelia 610 NADPH oxidase 1NAD(P)H oxidase - GP91-2, MOX1, NOH-1, NOX1 NOH1, NADPH oxidasehomolog-1; mitogenic oxidase (pyridine nucleotide-dependentsuperoxide-generating) 611 NADPH oxidase 3 NAD(P)H oxidase - GP9 1 -3 -NADPH oxidase NOX3 catalytic subunit-like 3 612 NAD(P)H oxidase - NADPHoxidase 4 NAD(P)H oxidase - KOX, KOX-1, RENOX NOX4 613 NADPH oxidase,EF-hand calcium binding NAD(P)H oxidase - NOX5A, NOX5B, NADPH NOX5domain 5 oxidase, EF hand calcium-binding domain 5 614 neuropeptides B/Wreceptor 1 G protein-coupled receptor 7 - GPR7, G protein- NPBWR1coupled receptor 7; neuropeptides B/W receptor type 1;opioid-somatostatin-like receptor 7 615 neuropeptides B/W receptor 2G-protein coupled receptor 8 - GPR8, G protein- NPBWR2 coupled receptor8; opioid-somatostatin-like receptor 8 616 aminopeptidase-like 1aminopeptidase-like 1 - NPEPL1 617 aminopeptidase puromycin sensitivepuromycin sensitive aminopeptidase - MP100, NPEPPS PSA,metalloproteinase MP100; puromycin- sensitive aminopeptidase 618neuropeptide FF receptor 1 neuropeptide FF receptor 1 - GPR147, NPFF 1,NPFFR1 NPFF1R1, OT7T022, G protein-coupled receptor 147 619 neuropeptideFF receptor 2 neuropeptide FF receptor 2 - GPR74, NPFF2, NPFFR2 NPGPR, Gprotein-coupled receptor 74; neuropeptide FF 2; neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor 620 natriuretic peptide precursor A atrial natureticpeptide (ANP) - ANF, ANP, NPPA CDD-ANF, PND, atrial natriuretic peptide;pronatriodilatin, natriuretic peptide, atrial, N- terminal (N-ANP),natriuretic peptide, atrial, propeptide (31-67) 621 natriuretic peptideprecursor B B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), BNP, brain NPPB typenatriuretic peptide, natriuretic protein, natriuretic peptide, brain,N-terminal (NT-BNP), natriuretic peptide, brain, pro-form (proBNP) 622natriuretic peptide precursor C natriuretic peptide, atrial C-terminal(C-ANP) - NPPC CNP, C-type natriuretic precursor 623 natriuretic peptidereceptor A/guanylate natriuretic peptide receptor A - ANPRA, ANPa, NPR1cyclase A (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor A) GUC2A, GUCY2A, NPRAOther Designations: natriuretic peptide A type receptor 624 neuropeptideY receptor Y1 G Protein-Coupled Receptor NPY1 - NPYR, NPY1R modulator ofneuropeptide Y receptor 625 neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor NPY2 - NPY2R 626 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, groupB, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily O. Group B.′ NR0B2 member 2 Member 2(NR0B2) - SHP, SHP1, orphan nuclear receptor SHP; short heterodimerpartner; small heterodimer partner 627 nuclear receptor subfamily 1,group D, Human Nuclear Receptor NR1D1 - EAR1, NR1D1 member 1 THRA1,THRAL, ear-1, hRev, Rev-erb-alpha; thyroid hormone receptor, alpha-like628 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, Liver X Receptor Beta -LXR-b, LXRB, NER, NR1H2 member 2 NER-1, R1P15, UNR, LX receptor beta;liver X receptor beta; nuclear orphan receptor LXR-beta; oxysterolsreceptor LXR-beta; steroid hormone- nuclear receptor NER;ubiquitously-expressed nuclear receptor 629 nuclear receptor subfamily1, group H, LXR-alpha - LXR-a, LXRA, RLD- 1, liver X NR1H3 member 3receptor, alpha 630 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, nuclearreceptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 - NR1H4 member 4 BAR, FXR,HRR-1, HRR1, R1P14, farnesoid X receptor 631 nuclear receptor subfamily2, group E, nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E member 1 - NR2E1member 1 TLL, TLX, XTLL, tailless (Drosophila) homolog; tailless homolog(Drosophila) 632 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, NR3C2, MCR, MLR,MR, mineralocorticoid NR3C2 member 2 receptor (aldosterone receptor) 633nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, Nuclear Receptor NR4A1 - GFRP1,HMR, N10, NR4A1 member 1 NAK-1, NGF1B, NP10, NUR77, TR3, TR3 orphanreceptor; early response protein NAK1; growth factor-inducible nuclearprotein N10; hormone receptor; orphan nuclear receptor HMR; steroidreceptor TR3 634 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, Nuclear ReceptorNR4A2 - HZF-3, NOT, NR4A2 member 2 NURR1, RNR1, T1NUR, NGFI-B/nur77beta- type transcription factor homolog; T-cell nuclear receptor NOT;intermediate-early receptor protein; nur related protein-1 (mouse),human homolog of; orphan nuclear receptor NURR1; transcriptionallyinducible nuclear receptor related 1 635 nuclear receptor subfamily 4,group A, Nuclear Receptor NR4A3 CHN, CSMF, NR4A3 member 3 MINOR, NOR1,TEC, chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid, fused to EWS; mitogen inducednuclear orphan receptor; neuron derived orphan receptor; translocated inextraskeletal chondrosarcoma 636 nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A,nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1 - NR5A1 member 1 AD4BP,ELP, FTZ1, FTZF1, SF-1, SF 1, fushi tarazu factor (Drosophila) homolog1; nuclear receptor AdBP4; steroidogenic factor 1 637 neutralsphingomyelinase 3 Sphingomyelinase NSMASE3 638 neurotrophic tyrosinekinase, receptor, type 1 neurotrophin receptor - MTC, TRK, TRK1, NTRK1TRKA, p140-TrkA, Oncogene TRK; high affinity nerve growth factorreceptor; tyrosine kinase receptor; tyrosine kinase receptor A 639neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 neurotrophin receptor -GP145-TrkB, TRKB, NTRK2 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor; tyrosinekinase receptor B 640 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3neurotrophin receptor - TRKC, gp145(trkC), NTRK3 NT-3 growth factorreceptor; neurotrophin 3 receptor; tyrosine kinase receptor C 641neurotensin receptor 1 (high affinity) Neurotensin Receptor 1 - NTR,neurotensin NTSR1 receptor 1 642 ornithine decarboxylase 1ornithindecarboxylase ODC1 643 oxidised low density lipoprotein(lectin-like) lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein OLR1 receptor1 receptor (LOX-1), CLEC8A, LOX1, SCARE1, lectin-type oxidized LDLreceptor 1; scavenger receptor class E, member 1 644 opioid receptor,delta 1 G-protein coupled opioid receptor delta 1 - OPRD1 OPRD 645opioid receptor, kappa 1 G protein-coupled opioid receptor kappa OPRK1KOR, OPRK, Opiate receptor, kappa-1; kappa opioid receptor 646orosomucoid 1 orosomucoid (alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein), AGF- ORM1 A,AP1, ORM, Orosomucoid-1 (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein-1); alpha-acidglycoprotein 1 647 orosomucoid 2 α1-acid glycoprotein: alpha-acidglycoprotein, ORM2 type 2 648 oncostatin M oncostatin M - OSM 649oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor 1 G Protein Coupled Receptor TG1019 - GPCR,OXER1 GPR170, T01019, 5-oxo-ETE acid G-protein- coupled receptor 1;G-protein coupled receptor TG1019 650 oxytocin receptor OxytocinReceptor - OT-R OXTR 651 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 1Purinoceptor 2 Type Y - P2Y1, ATP receptor; P2RY1 P2 purinoceptorsubtype Y1; P2Y purinoceptor 1; platelet ADP receptor; purinergicreceptor P2Y1 652 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, G ProteinCoupled Receptor P2Y10 - P2Y10, G- P2RY10 10 protein coupled purinergicreceptor P2Y10; P2Y purinoceptor 10; P2Y-like receptor 653 purinergicreceptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, G Protein-Coupled Receptor P2Y11 -P2Y11, P2RY11 11 P2Y purinoceptor 11; P2Y11 receptor; purinergicreceptor P2Y11 654 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, GProtein-Coupled Receptor P2Y12 - ADPG-R, P2RY12 12 HORK3, P2T(AC),P2Y(AC), P2Y(ADP), P2Y(cyc), P2Y12, SP1999, ADP-glucose receptor;G-protein coupled receptor SP1999; Gi-coupled ADP receptor HORK3; P2Ypurinoceptor 12; platelet ADP receptor; purinergic receptor P2RY12;purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 12; purinergic receptorP2Y12; putative G-protein coupled receptor 655 purinergic receptor P2Y,G-protein coupled, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 86 - FKSG77, P2RY1 3 13GPCR1, GPR86, GPR94, P2Y13, SP174, G protein-coupled receptor 86 656purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 2 Purinoceptor 2 Type Y(P2Y2) - HP2U, P2RU1, P2RY2 P2U, P2U1, P2UR, P2Y2, P2Y2R, ATP receptor;P2U nucleotide receptor; P2U purinoceptor 1; P2Y purinoceptor 2;purinergic receptor P2Y2; purinoceptor P2Y2 657 pyrimidinergic receptorP2Y, G-protein Purinoceptor 4 Type Y (P2Y4) - NRU, P2P, P2RY4 coupled, 4P2Y4, UNR, C38 (P2Y purinoceptor 4; pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4;uridine nucleotide receptor 658 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-proteincoupled, 5 Purinoceptor 5 Type Y (P2Y5) - P2Y5, G- P2RY5 protein coupledpurinergic receptor P2Y5; P2Y purinoceptor 5; RB intron encodedG-protein coupled receptor; purinergic receptor 5 659 pyrimidinergicreceptor P2Y, G-protein G protein-Coupled P2Y Purinoreceptor 6 - P2RY6coupled, 6 P2Y6, 0-coupled nucleotide receptor; P2 purinoceptor; P2Ypurinoceptor 6; P2Y6 receptor; pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y6 660procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate 4- prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-2subunit - 4-PH P4HA2 dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), alpha alpha 2,prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha II subunit polypeptide II 661platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, Platelet-activating factoracetylhydrolase (PAF- PAFAH1B1 isoform lb, alpha subunit 45 kDa AH),L1S1, L1S2, MDCR, PAFAH, Platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase,isoform 1B, alpha subunit; lissencephaly 1 protein; platelet- activatingfactor acetylhydrolase, isoform lb, alpha subunit (45 kD) 662platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, Platelet-activating factoracetylhydrolase (PAF- PAFAH2 40 kDa AH), HSD-PLA2, platelet-activatingfactor acetylhydrolase 2; platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2(40 kD) 663 p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase 1 (STE20P21/CDC42/RAC1-activated kinase PAK1 homolog, yeast) PAKalpha,p21-activated kinase 1; p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase 1 (yeast Ste20-related) 664 p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2 P21/CDC42/RAC1-activatedkinase 1 - PAK65, PAK2 PAKgamma, S6/H4 kinase; p21-activated kinase 2665 p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 3 CDKN1A, MRX30, MRX47, OPHN3, PAK3PAK3beta, bPAK, hPAK3, oligophrenin-3; p21- activated kinase 3;p21-activated kinase-3 666 pregnancy-associated plasma protein A,Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a - PAPPA pappalysin 1 ASBABP2,DIPLA 1, 1GFBP-4ase, PAPA, PAPP-A, PAPPA1, aspecific BCL2 ARE- bindingprotein 2; differentially placenta 1 expressed protein; insulin-likegrowth factor- dependent 1GF binding protein-4 protease;pregnacy-associated plasma protein A; pregnancy-associated plasmaprotein A 667 progestin and adipoQ receptor family steroid progestinreceptor gamma - MPRG - PAQR5 member V membrane progestin, receptorgamma 668 progestin and adipoQ receptor family steroid progestinreceptor alpha -MPRA mSR, PAQR7 member VII membrane progestin receptoralpha 669 progestin and adipoQ receptor family steroid progestinreceptor beta - C6orf33, PAQR8 member VIII LMPB 1, MPRB, lysosomalmembrane protein in brain-1; membrane progestin receptor beta 670 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT,PARP1 member 1 ADPRT1, PARP, PARP-1, PPOL, pADPRT-1,ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase);ADP-ribosyltransferase NAD(±); poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase;poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase; poly(ADP- ribosyl)transferase 671 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT2,PARP2 member 2 ADPRTL2, ADPRTL3, PARP-2, pADPRT-2,ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase)-like 2; poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferase-like 2; poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase 672 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT3,PARP3 member 3 ADPRTL2, ADPRTL3, 1RT 1, hPARP-3, pADPRT-3,ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase)-like 2; ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase)-like 3; NAD+ADP- ribosyltransferase 3; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3;poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase-3 673 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRTL1, PARP4 member 4 PARPL, PH5P,VAULT3, VPARP, p193, ADP- ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase)-like 1; H5 proline-rich; l-alpha-l- related; PARP-related;poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase; poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase-like 1; vaultprotein, 193-kDa 674 proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA - DNApolymerase delta auxiliary PCNA protein; cyclin 675 proproteinconvertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 PCSK9 gene or in the NARC-1 - FH3,PCSK9 HCHOLA3, NARC-1, NARC1, hypercholesterolemia, autosomal dominant3; neural apoptosis regulated convertase 1 676 phosphodiesterase 10Aphosphodiesterase 10A - HSPDE10A, PDE10A (phosphodiesterase 10A);phosphodiesterase 10A1 (PDE10A1) 677 phosphodiesterase 11Aphosphodiesterase 11A1- PDE11A1, cyclic PDE11A nucleotidephosphodiesterase 11A1; phosphodiesterase 11A1; phosphodiesterase 11A3678 phosphodiesterase 1A, calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1A -HCAM1, HSPDE1A, PDE1A 3′,5′ cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase:calcium/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase;calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase; phosphodiesterase-1A 679phosphodiesterase 1B, calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1B -PDE1B1, PDES1B, PDE1B Phosphodiesterase-1B; calcium/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; calmodulin-stimulatedphosphodiesterase PDE1B1; phosphodiesterase 1B; phosphodiesterase 1B,calmodulin-dependent; presumed 63 kDa form of the type 1 cyclicnucleotide phosphodiesterase family known as PDE1B 680 phosphodiesterase1C, calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1C - Hcam3, Human 3′,5′ PDE1C70 kDa cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (HSPDE1C1A);phosphodiesterase 1C, calmodulin-dependent (70 kD) 681 phosphodiesterase3A, cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase 3A - CG1-PDE, cGMP- PDE3A inhibited3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase A; cyclic GMP inhibited phosphodiesteraseA 682 phosphodiesterase 3B, cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase 3 B -cG1PDE1, cyclic PDE3B nucleotide phosphodiesterase 683 phosphodiesterase4A, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4A - DPDE2, PDE4, PDE4A(phosphodiesterase E2 dunce homolog, Phosphodiesterase-4A, cAMP-specific(dunce Drosophila) (Drosophila)-homolog; cAMP-specificphosphodiesterase; cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase PDE4A1 1; cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4A 10; phosphodiesterase 4A,cAMP-specific (dunce (Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E2);phosphodiesterase isozyme 4 684 phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specificphosphodiesterase 4B - DPDE4, PDE1VB, PDE4B (phosphodiesterase E4 duncehomolog, cAMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase Drosophila) 4B;dunce-like phosphodiesterase E4; phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific;phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific (dunce (Drosophila)-homologphosphodiesterase E4) 685 phosphodiesterase 4C, cAMP-specificphosphodiesterase 4C - DPDE1, ISOFORM OF PDE4C (phosphodiesterase E1dunce homolog, CAMP-DEPENDENT 3′,5′-CYCL1C Drosophila) PHOSPHOD1ESTERASE4C; PDE4C [amino acids 597-712]; PDE4C-delta54, cAMP-specific (dunce(Drosophila)-homolog; dunce (Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E1;phosphodiesterase 4C, cAMP-specific (dunce (Drosophila)-homologphosphodiesterase E1) 686 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specificphosphodiesterase 4D - DPDE3, HSPDE4D, PDE4D (phosphodiesterase E3 duncehomolog, PDE4DN2, STRK 1, cAMP-specific Drosophila) phosphodiesterase4D; cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D6; dunce-like phosphodiesteraseE3; phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific (dunce (Drosophila)-homologphosphodiesterase E3) 687 phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod,PHOSPHODIESTERASE 6B - CSNB3, PDEB, PDE6B beta (congenital stationarynight blindness 3, phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod, betaautosomal dominant) 688 phosphodiesterase 6C, cGMP-specific, cone,phosphodiesterase PDE6C - PDEA2 PDE6C alpha prime 689 phosphodiesterase7A phosphodiesterase 7a1 - HCP1, PDE7, PDE7A phosphodiesterase isozyme 7690 phosphodiesterase 7B phosphodiesterase 7b - high-affinity cAMP-PDE7B specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase; rolipram- insensitivephosphodiesterase type 7 691 phosphodiesterase 8A phosphodiesterase 8A -HsT19550, cAMP- PDE8A specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8A;high-affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX- insensitive 3′,5′-cyclicphosphodiesterase 8A 692 phosphodiesterase 8B phosphodiesterase 8B -3′,5′ cyclic nucleotide PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B 693 phosphodiesterase9A PHOSPHODIESTERASE 9A1 - HSPDE9A2, PDE9A CGMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclicphosphodiesterase type 9; phosphodiesterase PDE9A21 694 platelet-derivedgrowth factor alpha platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-alpha): PDGFApolypeptide PDGF A-chain; platelet-derived growth factor alpha;platelet-derived growth factor alpha chain 695 platelet-derived growthfactor beta Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide - PDGFBpolypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis) PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis,HUMANES PDGF-B oncogene homolog GEN AUS PGEM2-PDGF-B, PDGF, B chain;PDGF-B VORLAEUFERSEQUENZ; Platelet- derived growth factor, betapolypeptide (oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS; platelet-derivedgrowth factor 2; platelet-derived growth factor beta; platelet-derivedgrowth factor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth factor betapolypeptide (simian sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) 696 platelet-derivedgrowth factor beta Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide -PDGFB polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis) PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis,HUMANES PDGF-B oncogene homolog) GEN AUS PGEM2-PDGF-B, PDGF, B chain;PDGF-B VORLAEUFERSEQUENZ; Platelet- derived growth factor, betapolypeptide (oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS; platelet-derivedgrowth factor 2; platelet-derived growth factor beta; platelet-derivedgrowth factor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth factor betapolypeptide (simian sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) 697 platelet-derivedgrowth factor beta platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide PDGFBpolypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis) (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis)oncogene oncogene homolog) homolog), FLJ12858, PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis,HUMANES PDGF-B GEN AUS PGEM2- PDGF-B, FLANKIERT VON 5′-ECORI UND3′-HINDIII RESTRIKTIONSSCHNITTSTELLEN; PDGF, B chain; PDGF-BVORLAEUFERSEQUENZ; Platelet-derived growth factor, beta polypeptide(oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS; platelet-derived growthfactor 2; platelet-derived growth factor beta; platelet-derived growthfactor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide(simian sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) 698 platelet-derived growthfactor receptor, alpha platelet derived growth factor PDGF-alpha PDGFRApolypeptide receptor 699 platelet-derived growth factor receptor, betaplatelet derived growth factor PDGF-beta PDGFRB polypeptide receptor -CD140B, JTK12, PDGF-R-beta, PDGFR, PDGFR1 beta platelet-derived growthfactor receptor; platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta 700pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK1) - PDK1 mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 1;pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 1 701 pyruvate dehydrogenasekinase, isozyme 2 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) - PDK2 pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 2 702 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase,isozyme 3 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) - PDK3 pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 3 703 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase,isozyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) - PDK4 4 + A4 pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase 4; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4 704platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule circulating CD31 + apoptoticmicroparticles in PECAM1 (CD3 1 antigen) peripheral blood, (Entered CD31into Entrez), CD31, PECAM-1, CD31/EndoCAM; PECAM-1, CD31/EndoCAM;adhesion molecule 705 proenkephalin proenkephalin (no “other” nameslisted than PENK official name) 706 peptidase D X-pro dipeptidase -PROLIDASE, Xaa-Pro PEPD dipeptidase; proline dipeptidase 707 plateletfactor 4 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) platelet factor 4 (PF4) - CXCL4, SCYB4PF4 ligand 4) 708 phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) B-type - PGAM4 PGAM-B, PGAM3,phosphoglycerate mutase family 3; phosphoglycerate mutase family 4;phosphoglycerate mutase processed protein 709 plasma glutamatecarboxypeptidase plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase - PGCP aminopeptidase710 placental growth factor, vascular endothelial placental growthfactor - PLGF, PIGF-2 PGF growth factor-related protein 711 serumplacental growth factor Placenta growth factor [Precursor], PIGF, PLGFPGF 712 phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog, phosphate regulatingendopeptidase homolog - PHEX X-linked (hypophosphatemia, vitamin D HPDR,HPDR1, HYP, HYP1, PEX, XLH, X- resistant rickets) linked phosphateregulating endopeptidase hornolog; phosphate regulating gene withhomologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome; phosphate regulatinggene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome(hypophosphatemia, vitamin D resistant rickets) 713 phospholipase A2,group VII (platelet- lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp- PLA2G7activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma) PLA2) (associated withcoronary endothelial dysfunction), LDL-PLA2, PAFAH, phospholipase A2,group VII; platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 714 plasminogenactivator, tissue tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA), T-PA, TPA, PLATalteplase; plasminogen activator, tissue type; reteplase; t-plasminogenactivator; tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) 715 phospholipase C, beta1 (phosphoinositide- Phosphoinositide-specific-phospholipase-B1: 1- PLCB1 specific) phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate;1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 1;PLC-beta-1; inositoltrisphosphohydrolas 716 phospholipase C-like 1phospholipase C-like protein - PLC-L, PLCE, PLCL1 PLCL, PLDL1,phospholipase C, epsilon 717 phospholipase C-like 2 phospholipase C-likeprotein - K1AA1092, PLCL2 PLCE2, phospholipase C, epsilon 2 718plasminogen plasminogen - covering first half of fourth PLG kringle 719phospholarnban phospholamban - CMD1P, PLB, cardiac PLN phospholamban 720proopiornelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ proopiomelanocortin -beta-LPH; beta-MSH; POMC beta-lipotropin alpha-melanocyte stimulatingalpha-MSH; gamma-LPH; gamma-MSH; hormone/beta-melanocyte stimulatingcorticotropin; beta-endorphin; met-enkephalin; hormone/beta-endorphin)lipotropin beta; lipotropin gamma; melanotropin beta; N-terminalpeptide; melanotropin alpha; melanotropin gamma; pro-ACTH-endorphin;adrenocorticotropin; pro-opiomelanocortin; corticotropin-lipotrophin;adrenocorticotropic hormone; alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone;corticotropin-like intermediary peptide 721 paraoxonase 1 ESA, PON,Paraoxonase paraoxonase-ESA, PON, Paraoxonase PON1 722 paraoxonase 2paraoxonase-A-esterase 2; aromatic esterase 2; PON2 serumaryldialkylphosphatase 2; serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2 723paraoxonase 3 paraoxonase - paraoxanase-3; serum PON3paraoxonase/lactonase 3 724 phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2A LLP1a,LPP1, PAP-2a, PAP2, PAP2a2, PPAP2A PAP2alpha2, PAPalphal, lipidphosphate phosphohydrolase 1; lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 1a;phosphatidic acid phosphatase 2a; phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolasetype 2a; type 2 phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase; type-2 phosphatidicacid hos: hatase alpha 725 phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2Cphosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2C-like - PPAP2C LPP2, PAP-2c,PAP2-g, lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 2; phosphatidic acidphosphohydrolase type 2c; type-2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase-gamma 726peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor PPARA alpha (PPAR), NR1C1, PPAR, hPPAR,PPAR alpha 727 peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor PPARD delta (PPAR), FAAR, NR1C2, NUC1,NUCI, NUCII, PPAR-beta, PPARB, nuclear hormone receptor 1, PPAR Delta728 peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor PPARG gamma (PPAR), HUMPPARG, NR1C3,PPARG1, PPARG2, PPAR gamma; peroxisome proliferative activated receptorgamma; peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma; peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor gamma 1; ppar gamma2 729 pro-plateletbasic protein(chemokine beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) - B-TG1, Beta-TG,PPBP (C-X-C motif) ligand 7) CTAP3, CTAPIII, CXCL7, LA-PF4, LDGF, MDGF,NAP-2, NAP-2-L1, PBP, SCYB7, TC1, TC2, TGB, TGB1, THBGB, THBGB1 - CXCchemokine ligand 7; beta-thromboglobulin; connective tissue-activatingpeptide III; low- affinity platelet factor IV; neutrophil-activatingpeptide-2; pro-platelet basiP protein; pro-platelet basic protein(includes platelet basic protein, beta-thromboglobulin, connectivetissue- activating peptide III, neutrophil-activating peptide-2); smallinducible cytokine B7; small inducible cytokine subfamily B, member 7;thrombocidin 1; thrombocidin 2; thromboglobulin, beta-1 730 pro-plateletbasic protein-like 1 (includes beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG) - TGB2,PPBPL1 platelet basic protein, beta-thromboglobulin, Thromboglobulin,beta-2; beta-thromboglobulin; connective tissue-activating peptide 111,connective tissue-activating peptide 1; platelet neutrophil-activatingpeptide-2-like 1) basic protein 731 protective protein forbeta-galactosidase Protective protein for beta-galactosidase - CTSA,PPGB (galactosialidosis) GLB2, GSL, NGBE, PPCA, Protective protein forbeta-galactosidase (cathepsin A); beta- galactosidase 2;beta-galactosidase protective protein; protective protein forbeta-galactosidase 732 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor)Growth arrest and DNA damage protein 34 PPP1R15A subunit 15A (GADD34),GADD34, growth arrest and DNA- damage-inducible 34; protein phosphatase1, regulatory subunit 15A 733 protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B),calcineurin - CALNB1, CNB, CNB1, PPP3R1 regulatory subunit B, 19 kDa,alpha isoform calcineurin B; protein phosphatase 3 (formerly(calcineurin B, type I) 2B), regulatory subunit B (19 kD), alpha isoform(calcineurin B, type 1); protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B,alpha isoform 1 734 protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), calcineurin -PPP3RL, CBLP-like; calcineurin B, PPP3R2 regulatory subunit B, l9 kDa,beta isoform type II; calcineurin B-like protein; protein (calcineurinB, type II) phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory subunit B (19 kD),beta isoform (calcineurin B, type II); protein phosphatase 3 regulatorysubunit B, beta isoform 735 pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 G Protein-Coupled Receptor NPY4 - NPY4-R, PPYR1 NPY4R, PP1, Y4 736 proteoglycan 4glycosaminoglycans - CACP, HAPO, JCAP, PRG4 MSF, SZP, Jacobscamptodactyly-arthropathy- pericarditis syndrome gene; articularsuperficial zone protein; (MSF: megakaryocyte stimulating factor);camptodactyly, arthropathy, coxa vara, pericarditis syndrome gene;lubricin; megakaryocyte stimulating factor; proteoglycan 4,(megakaryocyte stimulating factor, articular superficial zone protein,camptodactyly, arthropathy, coxa vara, pericarditis syndrome) 737protein kinase C, gamma protein kinase C gamma - PKC-gamma, PKCC, PRKCGPKCG, SCA14, spinocerebellar ataxia 14 738 protein kinase,DNA-activated, catalytic DNA-PK: DNAPK, DNPK1, HYRC, HYRC1, PRKDCpolypeptide XRCC7, p350 739 protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type 1Protein Kinase, cGMP-Dependent - CGK1, PRKG1 FLJ36117, PGK, PRKG1B,PRKGR1B, cGK1- BETA, cGK1-alpha, Protein kinase, cGMP- dependent,regulatory, type I; protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, regulatory, type 1,beta 740 prolactin releasing hormone receptor G-protein coupled receptor10 - GPR10, GR3, PRLHR PrRPR, G protein-coupled receptor 10; prolactinreleasing peptide receptor; prolactin-releasing hormone receptor 741protein C (inactivator of coagulation factors Protein C - PROC1, proteinC PROC Va and VIIIa) 742 protein C receptor, endothelial (EPCR) proteinC receptor (endothelial) - CCCA, PROCR CCD41, CD201, EPCR, APC receptor;CD201 antigen; activated protein C receptor; cell cycle,centrosome-associated protein; centrocyclin; endothelial protein Creceptor 743 prokineticin receptor 1 G protein coupled receptor 73a -GPR73, PROKR1 GPR73a, PKR1, ZAQ, G protein-coupled receptor 73; Gprotein-coupled receptor ZAQ 744 protein S (alpha) Protein S - PROS, PS26, PS21, PS22, PS23, PROS1 PS24, PS25, PSA, Protein S, protein Sa,preproprotein S; propiece of latent protein S; truncated CDS due tovariation 745 protein Z, vitamin K-dependent plasma PZ PROZ glycoprotein746 proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 3 gamma carboxyglutamicacid (gla) - TMG3, PRRG3 (transmembrane) transmembranegamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein 3 747 proline rich Gla(G-carboxyglutamic acid) 4 gamma carboxyglutamic acid (gla) - TMG4,PRRG4 (transmembrane) transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein 4748 protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1) eosinophil serine protease 1(PRSS1) - TRP1, PRSS1 TRY1, TRY4, TRYP1, cationic trypsinogen; digestivezymogen; nonfunctional trypsin 1; protease serine 1; protease, serine,1; serine protease 1; trypsin 1; trypsin 1; trypsinogen 1; trypsinogen A749 protease, serine, 8 (prostasin) serine protease 8 - CAP1, PROSTASIN,PRSS8 channel-activating protease 1; prostasin 750 growth-inhibitingprotein 26 prostate-specific membrane antigen-like - GCP3, PSMAL GCPIII; N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic dipeptidase; glutamatecarboxypeptidase III; hypothetical protein LOC219595; prostate- specificmembrane antigen-like 751 prostaglandin E receptor 1 (subtype EP1), Gprotein coupled receptor prostaglandin E2 EP1 - PTGER1 42 kDa EP1PGEreceptor, EP1 subtype; prostaglandin E receptor 1, subtype EP 1;prostanoid EP1 receptor 752 prostaglandin E receptor 2 (subtype EP2),G-Protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2 PTGER2 53 kDa EP2 - EP2Prostaglandin E receptor 2, EP2 subtype, 53 kD 753 prostaglandin Ereceptor 3 (subtype EP3) G protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2PTGER3 EP3 1 - EP3, EP3-I, EP3-II, EP3-III, EP3-I V, EP3e, POE receptor,EP3 subtype; alternative splicing; prostaglandin E receptor 3, subtypeEP3; prostaglandin E2 receptor; prostaglandin receptor (PGE-2);prostanoid EP3 receptor 754 prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4) GProtein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2 PTGER4 EP4 - EP4, EP4R, PGEreceptor, EP4 subtype; prostaglandin E receptor 4, subtype EP4;prostaglandin E2 receptor 755 prostaglandin F receptor (FP) G-ProteinCoupled Receptor Prostaglandin F2- PTGFR alpha - FP, PGF receptor; PGF2alpha receptor; prostaglandin F receptor; prostaglandin F2 alphareceptor; prostaglandin receptor (2-alpha); prostanoid FP receptor 756prostaglandin 12 (prostacyclin) receptor (1P) prostaglandin 12receptor - 1P, PR1PR, PG1 PTG1R receptor; prostacyclin receptor;prostanoid 1P receptor 757 prostaglandin 12 (prostacyclin) synthaseprostacyclin synthetase (PG1-II synthetase) PTG1S 758prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 Prol7Leu variant of PTGS 1 - COX1, COX3, PTGS1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and PCOX1, PGG/HS, PGHS-1,PGHS1, PHS 1, cyclooxygenase) PTGHS, prostaglandin G/H synthase andcyclooxygenase; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 759prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) - COX-2,COX2, PTGS2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and PGG/HS, PGHS-2, PHS-2,hCox-2, cyclooxygenase) cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin G/H synthaseand cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin- endoperoxide synthase 2 760parathyroid hormone-like hormone parathyroid hormone related protein:PTH- PTHLH related protein; humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy;osteostatin; parathyroid hormone- like protein; parathyroid hormone-likerelated protein; parathyroid hormone-related protein; parathyroid-likeprotein 761 parathyroidhormone-like hormone parathormone-like proteinPTHLH (PTH/parathyroidhormone related protein) - HHM, PLP, PTHR, PTHRP,PTH-related protein; humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy; osteostatin;parathyroid hormone-like protein; parathyroid hormone-like relatedprotein; parathyroid hormone-related protein; parathyroid-like protein762 parathyroid hormone receptor 1 parathyroid hormone receptor 1 -PTHR, PTH PTHR1 receptor; PTH/PTHr receptor; PTH/PTHrP receptor;PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor; parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor; parathyroid hormone/parathyroidhormone-related protein receptor; seven transmembrane helix receptor 763pituitary tumor-transforming 1 PTTG: ESP 1-associated protein 1;pituitary PTTG1 tumor-transforming protein 1; tumor- transformingprotein 1 764 phosphorylase, glycogen; brain glycogen phosphorylase BB -brain glycogen PYGB phosphorylase; glycogen phosphorylase B (cardiac ? -Anderson reference?) 765 v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene Rafprotein-CRAF, Raf-1, c-Raf, Oncogene RAF1 homolog 1 RAF 1; rafproto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase 766 retinoic acidreceptor, alpha retinoic acid receptor alpha - NR1B1, RAR, RARA Retinoicacid receptor, alpha polypeptide; nucleophosmin-retinoic acid receptoralpha fusion protein NPM-RAR long form; nucleophosmin-retinoic acidreceptor alpha fusion protein NPM-RAR short form 767 retinoic acidreceptor, beta Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group B. RARB Member 2 (NR1 B2) - HAP, NR1B2, RRB2, HBV-activated protein; RAR-epsilon; hepatitisB virus activated protein; retinoic acid receptor beta 2; retinoic acidreceptor beta 4; retinoic acid receptor beta 5; retinoic acid receptor,beta polypeptide 768 retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107) p107 - CP107, PRB1,107 kDa retinoblastoma- RBL1 associated protein; cellular protein 107;retinoblastoma-like protein 1 769 renin REN: angiotensin-forming enzymeprecursor; REN angiotensinogenase precursor; renin precursor, renal 770resistin resistin - ADSF, F1ZZ3, RETN 1, RSTN, XCP1, RETN C/EBP-epsilonregulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein precursor 1;found in inflammatory zone 3 771 regulator of G-protein signalling 2, 24kDa RGS2 - G0S8, G0 to G1 switch regulatory 8, RGS2 24 kD; cellgrowth-inhibiting protein 31 772 rhomboid, veinlet-like 1 (Drosophila)rhomboid-related protein - RHBDL, RRP, RHBDL1 Rhomboid, drosophila,homolog of; rhomboid (veinlet, Drosophila)-like; rhomboid, veinlet-like1 773 rhomboid, veinlet-like 2 (Drosophila) rhomboid-related protein -RRP2, rhomboid RHBDL2 (veinlet, Drosophila)-like 2; rhomboid-relatedprotein 2 774 arginyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase B) ArginylAmino-peptidase RNPEP - RNPEP aminopeptidase B 775 arginylaminopeptidase (aminopeptidase B)- arginyl aminopeptidase B-like 1 -argininyl RNPEPL1 like 1 aminopeptidase-like 1 776 Rho-associated,coiled-coil containing protein Rho-associated protein kinase 1 -P160ROCK, ROCK1 kinase 1 p160-ROCK 777 Rho-associated, coiled-coilcontaining protein Rho-associated protein kinase 1 - ROCK2 kinase 2 778relaxin family peptide receptor 3 somatostatin- and angiogenin-likepeptide RXFP3 receptor - GPCR135, RLN3R1, SALPR, G- protein coupledreceptor SALPR; relaxin 3 receptor 1; somatostatin and angiotensin-likepeptide receptor 779 retinoid X receptor, alpha Retinoid X ReceptorAlpha - NR2B1 RXRA 780 retinoid X receptor, gamma Retinoid X ReceptorGamma - NR2B3, RXRC, RXRG retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma 781 RYKreceptor-like tyrosine kinase Ryk - JTK5, JTK5A, RYK 1, JTK5A proteinRYK tyrosine kinase; hydroxyaryl-protein kinase 782 ryanodine receptor 2(cardiac) calcium-release channel (ryanodin receptor II) RYR2 783 S100calcium binding protein, beta (neural) S-100b (astroglial protein,candidate marker for S100B cerebral tissue damage) (entered S-100b intoEntre) - NEF, S100, S-100 calcium-binding protein, beta chain; S100beta; S100 calcium- binding protein, beta; S100 calcium-binding protein,beta (neural) 784 serum amyloid A1 cluster Serum Amyloid A (SAA), SAA,SAA4, serum SAA@ amyloid A cluster 785 serum amyloid A1 Serum Amyloid A(SAA), PIG4, SAA, TP5314, SAA1 tumor protein p53 inducible protein 4 786serum amyloid A2 Serum Amyloid A (SAA) (no “other names SAA2 listedother than official name) 787 serum amyloid A4, constitutive SerumAmyloid A (SAA), C-SAA, CSAA SAA4 788 stearoyl-CoA desaturase(delta-9-desaturase) Stearoyl CoA desaturase - FADS5, PRO0998, SCD SCD1,acyl-CoA desaturase; delta-9-desaturase; fatty acid desaturase;predicted protein of HQ0998; stearoyl-CoA desaturase 789 secretoglobin,family 1A, member 1 uteroglobin - CC10, CC16, CCSP, UGB, SCGB1A1(uteroglobin) Uteroglobin (Clara-cell specific 10-kD protein);uteroglobin 790 sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V, alpha CDCD2,CMD1E, CMPD2, HB1, HB2, HH1, SCN5A (long QT syndrome 3) 1VF, LQT3,Nav1.5, SSS1, cardiac sodium channel alpha subunit; cardiornyopathy,dilated 1E (autosomal dominant); sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V,alpha polypeptide (long (electrocardiographic) QT syndrome 3); voltage-gated sodium channel type V alpha 791 sterol carrier protein 2 sterolcarrier protein 2, DKFZp686C12188, SCP2 DKFZp686D11188, NLTP, NSL-TP,SCPX, nonspecific lipid-transfer protein; sterol carrier protein X 792serine carboxypeptidase 1 retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase -SCPEP1 HSCP 1, R1SC, serine carboxypeptidase 1 precursor protein 793selectin E (endothelial adhesion molecule 1) E-selectin, CD62E, ELAM,ELAM1, ESEL, SELE LECAM2, leukocyte endOthelial cell adhesion molecule2; selectin E, endothelial adhesion molecule 1 794 selectin L(lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1) L-Selectin - CD62L, LAM-1, LAM1,LECAM1, SELL LNHR, LSEL, LYAM1, Leu-8, Lyam-1, PLNHR, TQ1, hLHRc, Leu-8antigen; Leu-8 antigen short form; leukocyte adhesion molecule-1(LAM-1); lymph node homing receptor; lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1;selectin L 795 selectin P (granule membrane protein CD62, CD62P, GMP140,GRMP, PADGEM, SELP 140 kDa, antigen CD62) PSEL, antigen CD62;granulocyte membrane protein; selectin P; selectin P (granule membraneprotein 140 kD, antigen CD62) 796 selectin P ligand CLA, CD162, PSGL-1,PSGL1, cutaneous SELPLG lymphocyte-associated antigen 797 serpinpeptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 alpha(1)-antitrypsin-A1A, A1AT,AAT, P1, SERPINA1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1 P11,alpha-l-antitrypsin.MBrescia variant; protease inhibitor 1(anti-elastase), alpha- 1 - antitrypsin; serine (or cysteine) proteinaseinhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1 798serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 alpha(1)-antitrypsin -ARGS, ATR, P1L, SERPINA2 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 2 psiATR,Protease inhibitor 1-like; protease inhibitor 1(alpha-l-antitrypsin)-like; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor,clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 2 799 serpinpeptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 Alpha (1)-antichymotrypsin -alpha- 1 - SERPINA3 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3antichymotrypsin; antichymotrypsin; growth- inhibiting protein 24;growth-inhibiting protein 25; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor,clade A, member 3; serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3 800serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 protein C inhibitor (PC1) -PA13, PC1, PLANH3, SERPINA5 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 5PROC1, Protein C inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-3); proteinC inhibitor; protein C inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor III);serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 5 801 serpin peptidase inhibitor,clade A (alpha-1 alpha(1)-antitrypsin - RP1-82J11.2, TBG, alpha-SERPINA7 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7 1 antiproteinase,antitrypsin; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7; serine (or cysteine) proteinaseinhibitor, clade A, member 7; thyroxin-binding globulin;thyroxine-binding globulin 802 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade CAnti-thrombin III (ATIII), AT3, ATIII, SERPINC1 (antithrombin), member 1antithrombin; antithrombin (aa 375-432); antithrombin III; codingsequence signal peptide antithrombin part 1; serine (or cysteine)proteinase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin), member 1; signal peptideantithrombin part 1 803 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade- D (heparinHCII - HC2, HCF2, HCII, HLS2, LS2, heparin SERPIND1 cofactor), member 1cofactor II; leuserpin 2; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor,clade D (heparin cofactor), member 1 804 serpin peptidase inhibitor,clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - PAI, PAI-1, SERPINE1plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), PAII, PLANH1, plasminogenactivator inhibitor, member 1 type 1; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1;serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, Glade E (nexin, plasminogenactivator inhibitor type 1), member 1 805 serpin peptidase inhibitor,clade E (nexin, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 - PAI PAI-1, SERPINE1plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), PAII, PLANH1, plasminogenactivator inhibitor, member 1 type 1; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1;serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogenactivator inhibitor type 1), member 1 806 serpin peptidase nhibitor,clade F Alpha 2 antiplasmin - alpha-2-antiplasmin; SERPINF2alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor,clade F (alpha-2 antiplasmin, pigment epithelium derived factor), member2 807 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (Cl complement C1inactivator - complement SERPING1 inhibitor), member 1 component 1inhibitor; plasma protease C1 inhibitor; serine (or cysteine) proteinaseinhibitor, Glade G (C1 inhibitor), member 1, (angioedema, hereditary);serine/cysteine proteinase inhibitor Glade G member 1 splice variant 3808 sarcoglycan, delta (35 kDa dystrophin- sarcoglycan - 35DAG, CMD1L,DAGD, SG- SGCD associated glycoprotein) delta, SGCDP, SGD, 35 kDdystrophin- associated glycoprotein; delta-sarcoglycan; dystrophinassociated glycoprotein, delta sarcoglycan; placental delta sarcoglycan;sarcoglycan, delta (35 kD dystrophin-associated glycoprotein) 809serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase Serum/Glucocorticoid RegulatedKinase 1 - SGK SGK1, serine/threonine protein kinase SGK; serum andglucocorticoid regulated kinase 810 serum/glucocorticoid regulatedkinase family, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase-like - SGK3 member3 C1SK, SGK2, SGKL, cytokine-independent survival kinase;serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 3; serum/glucocorticoid regulatedkinase- like 811 sphingosine-l-phosphate lyase 1 sphingosine phosphatelyase - SPL SGPL1 812 sphingosine-l-phosphate phosphatase 1 FLJ39004,SPP2; sphingosine 1-phosphate SGPP2 phosphohydrolase 2 813 sexhormone-binding globulin sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) - ABP, SHBGSex hormone-binding globulin (androgen binding protein) 814 S-phasekinase-associated protein 2 (p45) Skp2: CDK2/cyclin A-associated proteinp45; S- SKP2 phase kinase-associated protein 2 815 solute carrier family22 (organic cation Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A1 - HOCT1, SLC22A1transporter), member 1 OCT1, octl_cds, organic cation transporter 1;solute carrier family 22 member 1 816 solute carrier family 22 (organicanion/cation organic cation transporter SLC22A10 - OAT5, SLC22A10transporter), member 10 hOAT5, organic anion transporter 5, UST3- LIKE2817 solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation Organic CationTransporter SLC22A11 - OAT4, SLC22A11 transporter), member 11 hOAT4,organic anion transporter 4; solute carrier family 22 member 11 818solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation Organic CationTransporter SLC22A12 - SLC22A12 transporter), member 12 OAT4L, RST,URAT1, organic anion transporter 4-like; solute carrier family 22 member12; urate anion exchanger 1; urate transporter 1 819 solute carrierfamily 22 (organic cation organic cationic transporter-like 3 - OCTL1,SLC22A13 transporter), member 13 OCTL3, ORCTL3, organic cationtransporter like 3; organic cationic transporter-like 3 820 solutecarrier family 22 (organic cation Organic Cationic Transporter-Like 4 -OCTL2, SLC22A14 transporter), member 14 OCTL4, ORCTL4, organic cationtransporter like 4; organic cationic transporter-like 4 821 solutecarrier family 22 (organic cation ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORTER FLIPT1 -SLC22A15 transporter), member 15 FLIPT1, fly-like putative organic iontransporter 1; trans-like protein 822 solute carrier family 22 (organiccation Putative Organic Ion Transporter 0KB1 - CT2, SLC22A16transporter), member 16 FL1PT2, OCT6, OKB1; carnitine transporter 2;fly-like putative organic ion transporter 2; organic cation transporter6; solute carrier family 22, member 16 823 solute carrier family 22(organic cation Potent Brain Type Organic Ion Transporter - SLC22A17transporter), member 17 BOCT, BOIT, hBOIT, potent brain type organic iontransporter 824 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation Organic CationTransporter SLC22AIL - SLC22A18 transporter), member 18 BWR1A, BWSCR1A,HET, IMPT1, ITM, ORCTL2, SLC22A1L, TSSC5, p45-BWR1A, Beckwith-Wiedemannsyndrome chromosome region 1, candidate A; efflux transporter-likeprotein; imprinted multi-membrane spanning polyspecifictransporter-related protein; organic cation transporter-like 2; p45Beckwith- Wiedemann region 1A; solute carrier family 22 (organic cationtransporter), member 1-like; tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate5; tumor-suppressing STF cDNA 5 825 solute carrier family 22 (organiccation Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A2 - OCT2, SLC22A2 transporter),member 2 organic cation transporter (OCT2); organic cation transporter2; solute carrier family 22 member 2 826 solute carrier family 22(extraneuronal Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A3 - EMT, SLC22A3monoamine transporter), member 3 EMTH, OCT3, EMT organic cationtransporter 3; extraneuronal monoamine transporter; organic cationtransporter 3; solute carrier family 22 member 3 827 solute carrierfamily 22 (organic cation Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A4 - OCTN1,SLC22A4 transporter), member 4 integral membrane transport protein;organic cation transporter 4; solute carrier family 22 member 4 828solute carrier family 22 (organic cation Organic Cation TransporterSLC22A5 - CDSP, SLC22A5 transporter), member 5 OCTN2, high-affinitysodium dependent carnitine cotransporter; organic cation transporter 5;organic cation/carnitine transporter 2; solute carrier family 22 member5 829 solute carrier family 22 (organic anion Organic Cation TransporterSLC22A6 - SLC22A6 transporter), member 6 HOAT1, OAT1, PAHT, ROAT1, para-aminohippurate transporter; renal organic anion transporter 1; solutecarrier family 22 member 6 833 solute carrier family 22 (organic anionOrganic anion Transporter SLC22A7 - NLT, SLC22A7 transporter), member 7OAT2, liver-specific transporter; organic anion transporter 2; solutecarrier family 22 member 7 830 solute carrier family 22 (organic anionorganic anion transporter SLC22A8 - OAT3, SLC22A8 transporter), member 8organic anion transporter 3; solute carrier family 22 member 8 831solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation organic aniontransporting (OAT)-like protein SLC22A9 transporter), member 9UST3-L1KE1 - HOAT4, OAT4, UST3H, ust3, organic anion transporter 4 832solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation Organic CationTransporter SLC22A9 - HOAT4, SLC22A9 transporter), member 9 OAT4, UST3H,ust3, organic anion transporter 4 834 solute carrier family 27 (fattyacid fatty acid CoA ligase-like AMP-binding enzyme - SLC27A2transporter), member 2 ACSVL1, FACVL1, FATP2, HsT17226, VLACS, VLCS,hFACVL1, very long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase 1; very-long-chainacyl-CoA synthetase 835 solute carrier family 31 (copper transporters)COPT1; CTR 1; MGC75487; hCTR 1; copper SLC31A1 member 1 transporterhomolog 1; copper transporter 1 836 solute carrier family 6(neurotransmitter neurotransmitter transporters - GAT-3, GAT3 SLC6Al1transporter, GABA), member 11 837 solute carrier family 6(neurotransmitter neurotransmitter transporters - 5-HTT, 5HTT, SLC6A4transporter, serotonin), member 4 HTT, OCD1, SERT, hSERT, 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter; 5HT transporter; Na+/C1− dependentserotonin transporter; serotonin transporter; sodium-dependent serotonintransporter; solute carrier family 6 member 4 838 solute carrier family9 (sodium/hydrogen sodium proton exchanger (NHE-1) - APNH, SLC9A1exchanger), member 1 (antiporter, Na+/H+, NHE1, Na+/H+ antiporter,amiloride-sensitive; amiloride sensitive) Na—Li countertransporter;sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1; solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogenexchanger), isoform 1 (antiporter, Na+/H+, amiloride sensitive); solutecarrier family 9, isoform A1 839 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acidASM, NPD, acid sphingomyelinase; SMPD1 lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase)sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal 840 smoothelinsmoothelin SMTN 841 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophicsuperoxide-dismutase: Cu/Zn superoxide SOD1 lateral sclerosis 1 (adult))dismutase; Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase; SOD, soluble; indophenoloxidase A842 secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin, bone osteopontin: secretedphosphoprotein 1; secreted SPP1 sialoprotein 1, early T-lymphocyteactivation phosphoprotein-1 (osteopontin, bone 1) sialoprotein) 843somatostatin receptor 1 somatostatin receptor 1 - SR1F-2, G-proteinSSTR1 coupled receptor; somatostatin receptor isoform 1 844 somatostatinreceptor 2 somatostatin receptor subtype 2 SSTR2 845 somatostatinreceptor 3 somatostatin receptor 3 - SSTR3 846 somatostatin receptor 4somatostatin receptor 4 - G-protein coupled SSTR4 receptor 847somatostatin receptor 5 somatostatin receptor 5 - somatostatin receptorSSTR5 subtype 5 848 succinate receptor 1 G protein-coupled receptor 91 -GPR91, SUCNR1 protein-coupled receptor 91; P2Y purinoceptor 1 849 traceamine associated receptor 1 trace amine receptor 1 - TA1, TAR1, TRAR1,TAAR1 trace amine receptor 1 850 trace amine associated receptor 2G-protein coupled receptor 58 - GPR58, G TAAR2 protein-coupled receptor58 851 trace amine associated receptor 3 G-protein coupled receptor 57 -G protein- TAAR3 coupled receptor 57, GPR57, GPR58, TAAR3 852 traceamine associated receptor 5 putative neurotransmitter receptor - PNR,TAAR5 putative neurotransmitter receptor 853 trace amine associatedreceptor 6 G protein-coupled receptor polypeptide (TA4 TAAR6 receptor) -TA4, TRAR4, trace amine receptor 4 854 trace amine associated receptor 8TA5 receptor - GPR102, TA5, TAR5, TRAR5, TAAR8 G protein-coupledreceptor 102; trace amine receptor 5 855 tachykinin receptor 1Tachykinin Receptor 1 - NK1R, NKIR, SPR, TACR1 TAC1R, NK-1 receptor;Tachykinin receptor 1 (substance P receptor; neurokinin-1 receptor);neurokinin 1 receptor; tachykinin 1 receptor (substance P receptor,neurokinin 1 receptor) 856 tachykinin receptor 2 Tachykinin Receptor 2 -NK2R, NKNAR, SKR, TACR2 TAC2R, NK-2 receptor; Tachykinin receptor 2(substance K receptor; neurokinin 2 receptor); neurokinin 2 receptor;neurokinin-2 receptor; seven transmembrane helix receptor; tachykinin 2receptor (substance K receptor, neurokinin 2 receptor) 857 tachykininreceptor 3 Tachykinin Receptor 3 - NK3R, TAC3RL, NK-3 TACR3 receptor;neurokinin B receptor 858 TBC1 domain family, member 2 TBC1 domainfamily member 2 - PAR1S-1, TBCID2 PAR1S1, TBC1D2A, prostate antigenrecognized and identified by SEREX (serological identification ofanitgens by recombinant expression cloning) 859 thromboxane A2 receptorthromboxane A2 - TXA2-R, PROSTANOID TP TBXA2R RECEPTOR 860 transcriptionfactor 2, hepatic; LF-B3; variant hepatocyte nuclear factor 2 - FJHN,HNF1B, TCF2 hepatic nuclear factor HNF1beta, HNF2, LFB3, MODY5, VHNF1,transcription factor 2 861 transcription factor CP2 SEF - CP2, LBP-1C,LSF, SEF, TFCP2C, SAA3 TFCP2 enhancer factor; Transcription factor CP2,alpha globin 862 tissue factor pathway inhibitor (lipoprotein- Tissuefactor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) - EPI, TFPI associated coagulationinhibitor) LACI 863 transforming growth factor, beta 1 (Camurati-TGF-beta: TGF-beta 1 protein; diaphyseal TGFB1 Engelmann disease)dysplasia 1, progressive; transforming growth factor beta 1;transforming growth factor, beta 1; transforming growth factor-beta 1,CED, DPD1, TGFB 864 transforming growth factor, beta 2 TGF beta 2 -TGF-beta2 TGFB2 865 transforming growth factor, beta receptor III TGF-3:TGF-beta3 TGFB3 (betaglycan, 300 kDa) 866 thrombomodulin solublethrombomodulin - CD141, THRM, TM, THBD CD141 antigen; fetomodulin 867thrombospondin 1 thrombospondin - THBS, TSP, TSP1, THBS1thrombospondin-1p180 868 thrombospondin 2 thrombospondin 2 - TSP2 THBS2869 thyroid hormone receptor, alpha thyroid hormone receptor alpha -AR7, EAR-7.1, 1, THRA (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a) EAR-7.2,EAR7, ERB-T-1, ERBA, ERBA- oncogene homolog, avian) ALPHA, ERBA1, NR1A1,THRA1, THRA2, THRA3, TR-ALPHA-1, c-ERBA-1, c-ERBA- ALPHA-2,EAR-7.1/EAR-7.2; ERBA-related 7; avian erythroblastic leukemia viral(v-erb-a) oncogene homolog; thyroid hormone receptor, alpha; thyroidhormone receptor, alpha (avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a)oncogene homolog); thyroid hormone receptor, alpha 1; thyroid hormonereceptor, alpha-2; thyroid hormone receptor, alpha-3; triiodothyroninereceptor 870 thyroid hormone receptor, beta (erythroblastic thyroidhormone receptor-beta - ERBA-BETA, THRB leukemia viral (v-erb-a)oncogene homolog 2, ERBA2, GRTH, NR1A2, THR1, THRB1, avian) THRB2, avianerythroblastic leukemia viral (v- erb-a) oncogene homolog 2; generalizedresistance to thyroid hormone; oncogene ERBA2; thyroid hormone receptorbeta 1; thyroid hormone receptor, beta; thyroid hormone receptor, beta(avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a) oncogene homolog 2) 871TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase(TIMPs) - TIMP1 CLGI, EPA, EPO, HC1, TIMP, erythroid potentiatingactivity; fibroblast collagenase inhibitor; tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase 1; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (erythroidpotentiating activity, collagenase inhibitor) 872 TIMP metallopeptidaseinhibitor 2 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) - TIMP2CSC-21K, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2; tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase 2 precursor; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2873 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (Sorsby Tissue inhibitors ofmetalloproteinase (TIMPs) - TIMP3 fundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory)HSMRK222, K222, K222TA2, SFD, MlG-5 protein; tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase 3; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (Sorsbyfundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory) 874 TIMP metallopeptidaseinhibitor 4 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) - TIMP4tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 875 TLR4 and Name: toll-likereceptor 4 TLR4 299Gly allele associated with TLR4 DECREASED CAD risk -CD284, TOLL, hToll, homolog of Drosophila toll 876 transmembraneprotease, serine 13 mosaic serine protease - MSP, MSPL, mosaic TMPRSS13serine protease; transmembrane protease, serine 11 877 transmembraneprotease, serine 2 transmembrane serine protease 2 - PRSS10, TMPRSS2epitheliasin 878 transmembrane protease, serine 3 transmembrane serineprotease 3 - DFNB10, TMPRSS3 DFNB8, ECHOS1, TADG12, serine proteaseTADG12 879 transmembrane protease, serine 4 transmembrane serineprotease 4 - MT-SP2, TMPRSS4 TMPRSS3, membrane-type serine protease 2;transmembrane serine protease 3 880 transmembrane protease, serine 5(spinesin) transmembrane serine protease 5 - SPINESIN, TMPRSS5transmembrane protease, serine 5 881 thymosin, beta 4, X-linkedThymosine beta 4 - FX, PTMB4, TB4X, TMSB4X TMSB4, prothymosin beta-4;thymosin beta-4; thymosin, beta 4; thymosin, beta 4, X chromosome 882thymosin, beta 4, Y-linked Thymosine beta 4 - TB4Y, thymosin beta-4, YTMSB4Y isoform; thymosin, beta 4, Y chromosome 883 tumor necrosis factor(TNF superfamily, TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) - D1F, TNFmember 2) TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, APC1 protein; TNF superfamily, member2; TNF, macrophage- derived; TNF, monocyte-derived; cachectin; tumornecrosis factor alpha 884 tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, tumornecrosis factor receptor 2 - D1F, TNF- TNF member 2) alpha, TNFA,TNFSF2, APC1 protein; TNF superfamily, member 2; 1NF, macrophage-derived; TNF, monocyte-derived; cachectin; tumor necrosis factor alpha885 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, soluble necrosis factorreceptor - CD262, DR5, TNFRSF10B member 10b K1LLER, K1LLER/DR5,TRAIL-R2, TRAILR2, TR1CK2, TR1CK2A, TR1CK2B, TR1CKB, ZTNFR9, Fas-likeprotein precursor; TNF- related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2;TRAIL receptor 2; apoptosis inducing protein TR1CK2A/2B; apoptosisinducing receptor TRAIL-R2; cytotoxic TRAIL receptor-2; death domaincontaining receptor for TRAIL/Apo-2L; death receptor 5; p53-regulatedDNA damage- inducible cell death receptor(kilier); tumor necrosis factorreceptor-like protein ZTNFR9 886 tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily, soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD263, DCR1, TNFRSF10Cmember 10c, decoy without an intracellular L1T, TRAILR3, TR1D, TNFrelated TRAIL domain receptor; TNF related apoptosis-inducing ligandreceptor 3; TRAIL receptor 3; antagonist decoy receptor forTRAIL/Apo-2L; decoy receptor 1; decoy without an intracellular domain;lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL; tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily, member 10c 887 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD264, DCR2, TNFRSF10D member 10d,decoy with truncated death TRAILR4, TRUNDD, TNF receptor-related domainreceptor for TRAIL; TRAIL receptor 4; TRAIL receptor with a truncateddeath domain; decoy receptor 2; decoy with truncated death domain; tumornecrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d 888 tumor necrosisfactor receptor superfamily, CD265, EOF, FEO, ODFFR, OFE, PDB2, RANK,TNFRSF11A member 11a, NFKB activator TRANCER, osteoclast differentiationfactor receptor; receptor activator of nuclear factor- kappa B; tumornecrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a; tumor necrosis factorreceptor superfamily, member 11a, activator of NFKB 923 tumor necrosisfactor receptor superfamily, OPG (osteoprotegerin), OCIF, OPG, TR1,TNFRSF11B member 11b (osteoprotegerin) osteoclastogenesis inhibitoryfactor; osteoprotegerin 889 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,soluble necrosis factor receptor - ATAR, HVEA, TNFRSF14 member 14(herpesvirus entry mediator) HVEM, LIGHTR, TR2, CD40-like proteinprecursor; herpesvirus entry mediator; herpesvirus entry mediator A;tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 14; tumor necrosisfactor receptor-like gene2 890 tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 gene R92Q TNFRSF1A member1A polymorphism - CD120a, FPF, TBP1, TNF-R, TNF-R-1, TNF-R55, TNFAR,TNFR1, TNFR55, TNFR60, p55, p55-R, p60, tumor necrosis factor bindingprotein 1; tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; tumor necrosis factorreceptor type 1; tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 891 tumor necrosisfactor receptor superfamily, soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD120b,TNFRSF1B member 1B TBPII, TNF-R-II, TNF-R75, TNFBR, TNFR2, TNFR80, p75,p75TNFR, p75 TNF receptor; tumor necrosis factor beta receptor; tumornecrosis factor binding protein 2; tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 892tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, soluble necrosis factorreceptor - APO-3, DDR3, TNFRSF25 member 25 DR3, LARD, TNFRSF12, TR3,TRAMP, WSL- 1, WSL-LR, apoptosis inducing receptor; apoptosis-mediatingreceptor; death domain receptor 3; death domain receptor 3 soluble form;death receptor beta; lymphocyte associated receptor of death;translocating chain-association membrane protein; tumor necrosis factorreceptor superfamily, member 12; tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily, member 12 (translocating chain-association membraneprotein) 893 tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 8 CD30, DIS166E,K1-1, CD30 antigen; CD30L TNFRSF8 receptor; Ki-1 antigen; cytokinereceptor CD30; lymphocyte activation antigen CD30 894 tumor necrosisfactor (ligand) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (APO-TNFSF10 member 10 2L) (TRAIL), APO2L, Apo-2L, CD253, TL2, TRAIL, Apo-2ligand; TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TRAIL 895 tumor necrosisfactor (ligand) superfamily, CD254, ODF, OPGL, RANKL, TRANCE, TNFSF11member 11 hRANKL2, sOdf TNF-related; activation- induced cytokine;osteoclast differentiation factor; osteoprotegerin ligand; receptoractivator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand; tumor necrosis factor ligandsuperfamily, member 11 896 troponin C type 1 (slow) TNC, TNNC;Troponin-C1, slow; cardiac TNNC1 troponin C; troponin C, slow; troponinC1, slow 897 troponin 1 type 3 (cardiac) cardiac Troponin 1, CMH7,TNNC1, cTn1, TNN13 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7; troponin 1,cardiac 898 TNN13 interacting kinase cardiac-related ankyrin-repeatprotein kinase - TNN13K CARK, TNN13 interacting kinase variant; cardiacankyrin repeat kinase 899 troponin T type 1 (skeletal, slow) ANM,MGC104241; troponin T1, skeletal, slow; TNNT1 troponin-T1, skeletal, 900troponin T type 2 (cardiac) cardiac Troponin T, CMD1D, CMH2, TnTC, TNNT2cTnT, troponin T type 2, cardiac; troponin T, cardiac muscle; troponinT2, cardiac 901 tropomyosin (alpha) tropomyosin, a-skeletal - HTM-alpha,TMSA, TPM1 TPM1-alpha, TPM1-kappa, alpha tropomyosin; sarcomerictropomyosin kappa; tropomyosin 1 alpha chain 902 tropomyosin 3tropomysin 3 - NEM1, TRK TPM3 903 tripeptidyl peptidase 1 TpP - CLN2,G1G1, L1NCL, TPP 1, TPP-1, TPP1 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 2, lateinfantile (Jansky-Bielschowsky disease); growth- inhibiting protein 1;tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 904 tripeptidyl peptidase II TripeptidylPeptidase 2 - TR1PEPT1DYL TPP2 PEPT1DASE II 905 tryptase alpha/beta 1mast cell Tryptase, TPS1, TPS2, TPSB1, alpha TPSAB1 II, lung tryptase;mast cell protease II; mast cell tryptase; pituitary tryptase; skintryptase; tryptase 1; tryptase II; tryptase beta 1; tryptase, alpha;tryptase-1; tryptase-III 906 tryptase beta 2 mast cell Tryptase, TPS2,TPSB1, tryptaseC, TPSB2 beta; beta II; beta III; lung tryptase; mastcell protease 1; mast cell tryptase; pituitary tryptase; skin tryptase;tryptase II; tryptase III; tryptaseB 907 tryptase delta 1 mast cellTryptase, MCP7L1, MMCP-7L, TPSD1 hmMCP-3-like tryptase III;hmMCP-7-like; mMCP-7-like delta II tryptase; mMCP-7-like-1;mMCP-7-like-2; mast cell protease 7-like; mast cell tryptase 908tryptase gamma 1 mast cell Tryptase, PRSS31, TMT, trpA, gamma TPSG1 1;gamma II; lung tryptase; mast cell protease II; mast cell tryptase;pituitary tryptase; skin tryptase; transmembrane tryptase 909thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading thyrotropin-releasing hormonedegrading TRHDE enzyme ectoenzyme - PAP-II, PGPEP2, TRH-DE,pyroglutamyl-peptidase II; thyrotropin-releasing hormone degradingectoenzyme 910 transient receptor potential cation channel, vanilloidreceptor 1 - VR1, capsaicin receptor; TRPV1 subfamily V, member 1transient receptor potential vanilloid la; transient receptor potentialvanilloid lb; vanilloid receptor subtype 1, capsaicin receptor;transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) 911thymidylate synthetase thymidylate synthase - HsT422, TMS, TS, Tsase,TYMS Thymidylate synthase 912 UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UDP-galactoseceramide glucosyl transferase - CGT UGT8 ceramidegalactosyltransferase)913 urotensin 2 receptor G-protein coupled receptor 14 - GPR14, UTR,UTS2R UTR2, G protein-coupled receptor 14 914 vascular cell adhesionmolecule 1 (soluble) vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM1 CD106,INCAM-100, CD106 antigen, VCAM-1 915 vinculin vinculin - MVCL VCL 916vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) vitamin D receptor 1 - NRIII -vitamin D (1,25- VDR receptor dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor 917 vascularendothelial growth factor VEGF - VEGFA, VPF, vascular endothelial VEGFgrowth factor A; vascular permeability factor 918 vascular endothelialgrowth factor A MGC70609, VEGF, VEGF-A, VPF; vascular VEGFA permeabilityfactor, VEGF(A)21 919 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 - HVR1, VIPR1 II, PACAP-R-2,RCD1, RDC1, V1PR, V1RG, VPAC1, PACAP type II receptor; V1P receptor,type 1; pituitary adenylate cyclase activating nonpolypeptide receptor,type II 920 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 Vasoactive1ntestinal Peptide Receptor 2 - VIPR2 VPAC2 921 vitronectin fibrinmonomer, complement S-protein; VTN epibolin; serum spreading factor;somatomedin B; vitronectin (serum spreading factor, somatomedin B,complement S-protein) 922 von Willebrand factor A domain containing 2von Willebrand Factor propeptide (vWFAgII) - VWA2 AMACO, CCSP-2,A-domain containing protein similar to matrilin and collagen; coloncancer diagnostic marker; colon cancer secreted protein-2 938 vonWillebrand factor von Willebrand factor, F8VWF, VWD, VWF coagulationfactor VIII VWF 939 chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 G protein-coupledreceptor 5 - CCXCR1, GPR5, XCR1 G protein-coupled receptor 5; XCchemokine receptor 1; chemokine (C motif) XC receptor 1; lymphotactinreceptor 940 X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) x-prolylaminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 1 - XPNPEP1 1, soluble SAMP, XPNPEP,XPNPEPL, XPNPEPL1, X- prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 1,soluble (SAMP, XPNPEP, XPNPEPL); X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidaseP)-like 941 X-prolyl aminopeptidase(aminopeptidase P) X-prolylaminopeptidase 2 - X-prolyl XPNPEP2 2, membrane-bound aminopeptidase 2(aminopeptidase P); X-prolyl aminopeptidase 2, membrane-bound;aminoacylproline aminopeptidase; aminopeptidase P 942 sterile alphamotif and leucine zipper sterile-alpha motif and leucine zippercontaining ZAK containing kinase AZK kinase - AZK, MLK7, MLT, MLTK, MRK,mlklak, MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase; MLK-relatedkinase; cervical cancer suppressor gene 4 protein; leucine zipper- andsterile alpha motif-containing kinase; mitogen-activated protein kinasekinase kinase MLT; mixed lineage kinase 7; mixed lineage kinase with aleucine zipper and a sterile alpha motif; mixed lineage kinase-relatedkinase; mixed lineage kinase-related kinase MRK-beta 943leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA) - leukocyte-platelet aggregates(LPA) - measured zCells measured by whole blood flow cytometry by wholeblood flow cytometry 944 Mobilization of CD34/CXCR4+, Mobilization ofCD34/CXCR4+, zCells CD34/CD117+, c-met+ stem cells CD34/CD117+, c-met+stem cells 945 CD14+CD16+ monocytes CD14+CD16+ monocytes zCells 946circulating endothelial cells circulating endothelial cells zCells 947HLADR+ CD3+ and CD69+CD4+ cells HLADR+ CD3+ and CD69+CD4+ cells zCells948 Circulating hHSP60-specific CD4 + CD28null CirculatinghHSP60-specific CD4+CD28null zCells cells cells 949 erythrocyteaggregability erythrocyte aggregability zCells 950 Cytomegalovirusinfection CMV infection zCMV 951 D-Dimer D-Dimer, Fragment D-dimer,Fibrin degradation zD-Dimer fragment, Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)952 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) zHNE 953malondialdehyde-modified low density malondialdehyde-modified lowdensity zMDA-LDL lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) 954thromboxane A2 Thromboxane (TX) A(2), a cyclooxygenase- zMetabolitederived mediator 955 thromboxane B2 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stablezMetabolite thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonistof chemoattractantreceptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2)in humaneosinophils andbasophils 956 uric acid uric acid zMetabolite 957 Unboundfree fatty acids (FFA(u)) Unbound free fatty acids (FFA(u)) zMetabolite958 neopterin neopterin zMetabolite 959 glucose altered glycemiazMetabolite 960 malondialdehyde (MDA) malondialdehyde (MDA) zMetabolite961 calcium coronary calcium - (coronary for CEP) & zMetabolite (ionizedcalcium for OFP) 962 lactic acid lactic acid zMetabolite 963prostacyclin PG12-present in urine zMetabolite 964 Total Sialic Acid(TSA) Total Sialic Acid (TSA) zMetabolite 965 citric acid citric acidzMetabolite 970 citrulline citrulline zMetabolite 971 uridine uridinezMetabolite 972 hyaluronan hyaluronan zMetabolite 973 alanine alaninezMetabolite 974 argininosuccinate argininosuccinate zMetabolite 975Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)zMetabolite 976 aconitic acid aconitic acid zMetabolite 977hydroxyhippuric acid hydroxyhippuric acid zMetabolite 978 hypoxanthinehypoxanthine zMetabolite 979 inosine inosine zMetabolite 980oxaloacetate oxaloacetate zMetabolite 981 phenylalanine phenylalaninezMetabolite 982 serine serine zMetabolite 983 tryptophan tryptophanzMetabolite 984 lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid zMetabolite985 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F 2 (lso-P) 8-isoprostane-prostaglandinF 2 (lso-P) zMetabolite 986 Remnant-like lipoprotein particlesRemnant-like lipoprotein particles cholesterol; zMetabolite cholesterol;RLP-C RLP-C 987 6-ketoprostaglandin F1a 6-ketoprostaglandin F1a, thestable metabolite of zMetabolite prostacyclin (PG12) 988 chlorinesoluble mucoprotein chlorine soluble mucoprotein zMetabolite 989neutrophil protease-4 (NP4) neutrophil protease-4 (NP4) zMetabolite 990protenin protenin zMetabolite 991 Intraplatelet Tetrahydrobiopterin(BH[4]) Intraplatelet BH(4) zMetabolite 992 hydroxybutyratedehydrogenase (HBDH) hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) zMetabolite993 Med2 Subunit of the RNA polymerase II mediator zMetabolite complex;associates with core polymerase subunits to form the RNA polymerase IIholoenzyme; essential for transcriptional regulation 9942,3-dinor-6-keto Prostaglandin F1a 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1a zMetabolite995 8,12-iso-iPF2α 8,12-iso-iPF2α zMetabolite 996 acylglycerolacyltransferase-like proteins acylglycerol acyltransferase-like proteinsDC4 zMetabolite DC4 997 ATPase Ca++ binding protein ATPase Ca++ bindingprotein zMetabolite 998 calcium-dependent alpha-latrotoxin receptorcalcium-dependent alpha-latrotoxin receptor zMetabolite 999cardiovascular disorder plasma polypeptide cardiovascular disorderplasma polypeptide zMetabolite 1000 G-protein-coupled receptor H7TBA62G-protein-coupled receptor zMetabolite H7TBA62, Polynucleotide encodingG-protein coupled receptor (H7TBA62) 1001 hematopoietin receptor-likeprotein hematopoietin receptor-like protein zMetabolite 1002 HM74-like Gprotein coupled receptor HM74-like G protein coupled receptorzMetabolite 1003 IGS70 IGS70 zMetabolite 1004 neuropeptide Y Gprotein-coupled receptor neuropeptide Y G protein-coupled receptorzMetabolite 1005 organic anion transporter ust3 like 3 organic aniontransporter ust3 like 3 zMetabolite 1006 phosphate channel interactingprotein phosphate channel interacting protein zMetabolite 1007phosphodiesterase 9a3 phosphodiesterase 9a3 zMetabolite 1008phosphodiesterase 9a4 phosphodiesterase 9a4 zMetabolite 1009 plasma13-HODE plasma 13-HODE zMetabolite 1010 secretin-like G protein-coupledreceptor secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor zMetabolite 1011iPF2α-III iPF2α-III zMetabolite 1012 LFA-2 LFA-2, human lymphocytemembrane protein zMetabolite 1013 phosphoglyceric acid mutase-MBphosphoglyceric acid mutase-MB zMetabolite 1014 renin-angiotensin systemrenin-angiotensin system zMetabolite 1015 sphingosine sphingosinezMetabolite 1016 mitochondrial DNA mitochondrial DNA zmtDNA 1017 Cterminal propeptide of Type I procollagen C terminal propeptide of TypeI procollagen zPICP (PICP) (PICP) - CICP, collagen I synthesis byproduct(PICP) 1018 collagen III synthesis byproduct (PIIINP) collagen IIIsynthesis byproduct (PIIINP) zPIIINP 1019 amino-terminal propeptide oftype I Amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen zPINP procollagen(PINP) (PINP), collagen I synthesis byproduct (PINP) 1020 collagen Isynthesis byproduct (PIP) collagen I synthesis byproduct (PIP) zPIP 1021Homocysteine (total) Homocysteine (total) ztHcy 1022 a vascularendothelial cell specific and LIM a vascular endothelial cell specificand LIM zVELP2 domain containing molecule domain containing molecule1023 white blood cell count white blood cell count zWBC Count

In addition to the above listed analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS, all ofthe previously described Clinical Parameters and Traditional LaboratoryRisk Factors are also considered ATERIORISKMARKERS.

Additional ARTERIORISKMARKERS are those described in co-pendingapplications, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/546,874 and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/788,260, the disclosures of which areherein incorporated in their entirety.

One skilled in the art will note that the above listedARTERIORISKMARKERS come from a diverse set of physiological andbiological pathways, including many which are not commonly accepted tobe related to arteriovascular disease. These groupings of differentARTERIORISKMARKERS, even within those high significance segments, maypresage differing signals of the stage or rate of the progression of thedisease. Such distinct groupings of ARTERIORISKMARKERS may allow a morebiologically detailed and clinically useful signal from theARTERIORISKMARKERS as well as opportunities for pattern recognitionwithin the ARTERIORISKMARKER algorithms combining the multipleARTERIORISKMARKER signals.

The present invention concerns, in one aspect, a subset ofARTERIORISKMARKERS; other ARTERIORISKMARKERS and even biomarkers whichare not listed in the above Table 2, but related to these physiologicaland biological pathways, may prove to be useful given the signal andinformation provided from these studies. To the extent that otherbiomarker pathway participants (i.e., other biomarker participants incommon pathways with those biomarkers contained within the list ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in the above Table 2) are also relevant pathwayparticipants in arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event,they may be functional equivalents to the biomarkers thus far disclosedin Table 2. These other pathway participants are also consideredARTERIORISKMARKERS in the context of the present invention, providedthey additionally share certain defined characteristics of a goodbiomarker, which would include both involvement in the herein disclosedbiological processes and also analytically important characteristicssuch as the bioavailability of said biomarkers at a useful signal tonoise ratio, and in a useful and accessible sample matrix such as bloodserum, Such requirements typically limit the diagnostic usefulness ofmany members of a biological pathway, and frequently occurs only inpathway members that constitute secretory substances, those accessibleon the plasma membranes of cells, as well as those that are releasedinto the serum upon cell death, due to apoptosis or for other reasonssuch as endothelial remodeling or other cell turnover or cell necroticprocesses, whether or not they are related to the disease progression ofarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. However, theremaining and future biomarkers that meet this high standard forARTERIORISKMARKERS are likely to be quite valuable.

Furthermore, other unlisted biomarkers will be very highly correlatedwith the biomarkers listed as ARTERIORISKMARKERS in Table 1 (for thepurpose of this application, any two variables will be considered to be“very highly correlated” when they have a Coefficient of Determination(R.sup.2) of 0.5 or greater). The present invention encompasses suchfunctional and statistical equivalents to the aforementionedARTERIORISKMARKERS. Furthermore, the statistical utility of suchadditional ARTERIORISKMARKERS is substantially dependent on thecross-correlation between multiple biomarkers and any new biomarkerswill often be required to operate within a panel in order to elaboratethe meaning of the underlying biology.

One or more, preferably two or more of the listed ARTERIORISKMARKERS canbe detected in the practice of the present invention. For example, two(2), three (3), four (4), five (5), ten (10), fifteen (15), twenty (20),forty (40), fifty (50), seventy-five (75), one hundred (100), onehundred and twenty five (125), one hundred and fifty (150), one hundredand seventy-five (175), two hundred (200), two hundred and ten (210),two hundred and twenty (220), two hundred and thirty (230), two hundredand forty (240), two hundred and fifty (250), two hundred and sixty(260) or more, four hundred (400) or more, six hundred (600) or more,eight hundred (800) or more, and 1000 (1000) or more ARTERIORISKMARKERScan be detected.

In some aspects, all 1023 ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed herein can bedetected. Preferred ranges from which the number of ARTERIORISKMARKERScan be detected include ranges bounded by any minimum selected frombetween one and 1,023, particularly two, five, ten, twenty, fifty,seventy-five, one hundred, one hundred and twenty five, one hundred andfifty, one hundred and seventy-five, two hundred, two hundred and ten,two hundred and twenty, two hundred and thirty, two hundred and forty,two hundred and fifty, five hundred, seven hundred, and 1000 paired withany maximum up to the total known ARTERIORISKMARKERS, particularly five,ten, twenty, fifty, and seventy-five. Particularly preferred rangesinclude two to five (2-5), two to ten (2-10), two to fifty (2-50), twoto seventy-five (2-75), two to one hundred (2-100), five to ten (5-10),five to twenty (5-20), five to fifty (5-50), five to seventy-five(5-75), five to one hundred (5-100), ten to twenty (10-20), ten to fifty(10-50), ten to seventy-five (10-75), ten to one hundred (10-100),twenty to fifty (20-50), twenty to seventy-five (20-75), twenty to onehundred (20-100), fifty to seventy-five (50-75), fifty to one hundred(50-100), one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five (100-125), onehundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty (125-150), one hundredand fifty to one hundred and seventy five (150-175), one hundred andseventy-five to two hundred (175-200), two hundred to two hundred andten (200-210), two hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty (210-220),two hundred and twenty to two hundred and thirty (220-230), two hundredand thirty to two hundred and forty (230-240), two hundred and forty totwo hundred and fifty (240-250), two hundred and fifty to two hundredand sixty (250-260), two hundred and sixty to more than three hundred(260-300), three hundred and fifty to more than five hundred (350-500),five hundred and fifty to more than seven hundred (550-700), sevenhundred and fifty to one thousand (750-1000), and one thousand and fiftyto more than one thousand and twenty (1050-1020).

Construction of ARTERIORISKMARKER Panels

Groupings of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be included in “panels.” A “panel”within the context of the present invention means a group of biomarkers(whether they are ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, ortraditional laboratory risk factors) that includes more than oneARTERIORISKMARKER. A panel can also comprise additional biomarkers,e.g., clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factors, known tobe present or associated with arteriovascular disease, in combinationwith a selected group of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed in Table 2.

As noted above, many of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinicalparameters, and traditional laboratory risk factors listed, when usedalone and not as a member of a multi-biomarker panel ofARTERIORISKMARKERS, have little or no clinical use in reliablydistinguishing individual normal subjects, subjects at risk for havingan arteriovascular event, and subjects having arteriovascular diseasefrom each other in a selected general population, and thus cannotreliably be used alone in classifying any subject between those threestates. Even where there are statistically significant differences intheir mean measurements in each of these populations, as commonly occursin studies which are sufficiently powered, such biomarkers may remainlimited in their applicability to an individual subject, and contributelittle to diagnostic or prognostic predictions for that subject. Acommon measure of statistical significance is the p-value, whichindicates the probability that an observation has arisen by chancealone; preferably, such p-values are 0.05 or less, representing a 5% orless chance that the observation of interest arose by chance. Suchp-values depend significantly on the power of the study performed. Asdiscussed above, in the study populations of the below Examples, none ofthe individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS demonstrated a very high degree ofdiagnostic accuracy when used by itself for the diagnosis ofarteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, even though manyshowed statistically significant differences between the studypopulations (as seen in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 in the Examples). However,when each ARTERIORISKMARKER is taken individually to assess theindividual subjects of the population, such ARTERIORISKMARKERS are oflimited use in the intended risk indications for the invention (as isshown in FIG. 14).

Combinations of multiple clinical parameters used singly alone ortogether in formulas is another approach, but also generally hasdifficulty in reliably achieving a high degree of diagnostic accuracyfor individual subjects when tested across multiple study populationsexcept when the blood-borne biomarkers are included (by way of example,FIG. 6 demonstrates this in the Examples). Even when individualtraditional laboratory risk factors that are blood-borne biomarkers areadded to clinical parameters, as with HDLC within the Framingham RiskScore of Wilson (1998), it is difficult to reliably achieve a highdegree of diagnostic accuracy for individual subjects when tested acrossmultiple study populations. Used herein, for a formula or biomarker(including ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, and traditionallaboratory risk factors) to “reliably achieve” a given level ofdiagnostic accuracy measnt to achieve this metric under cross-validation(such as LOO-CV or 10-Fold CV within the original population) or in morethan one population (e.g., demonstrate it beyond the original populationin which the formula or biomarker was originally measured and trained).It is recognized that biological variability is such that it is unlikelythat any given formula or biomarker will achieve the same level ofdiagnostic accuracy in every individual population in which it can bemeasured, and that substantial similarity between such training andvalidation populations is assumed and, indeed, required.

Despite this individual ARTERIORISKMARKER performance, and the generalperformance of formulas combining only the traditional clinicalparameters and few traditional laboratory risk factors, the presentinventors have noted that certain specific combinations of two or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS can also be used as multi-biomarker panels comprisingcombinations of ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are known to be involved in oneor more physiological or biological pathways, and that such informationcan be combined and made clinically useful through the use of variousformulae, including statistical classification algorithms and others,combining and in many cases extending the performance characteristics ofthe combination beyond that of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Thesespecific combinations show an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy,and, when sufficient information from multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS iscombined in a trained formula, often reliably achieve a high level ofdiagnostic accuracy transportable from one population to another.

The general concept of how two less specific or lower performingARTERIORISKMARKERS are combined into novel and more useful combinationsfor the intended indications, is a key aspect of the invention. Multiplebiomarkers can often yield better performance than the individualcomponents when proper mathematical and clinical algorithms are used;this is often evident in both sensitivity and specificity, and resultsin a greater AUC. Secondly, there is often novel unperceived informationin the existing biomarkers, as such was necessary in order to achievethrough the new formula an improved level of sensitivity or specificity.This hidden information may hold true even for biomarkers which aregenerally regarded to have suboptimal clinical performance on their own.In fact, the suboptimal performance in terms of high false positiverates on a single biomarker measured alone may very well be an indicatorthat some important additional information is contained within thebiomarker results—information which would not be elucidated absent thecombination with a second biomarker and a mathematical formula.

Several statistical and modeling algorithms known in the art can be usedto both assist in ARTERIORISKMARKER selection choices and optimize thealgorithms combining these choices. Statistical tools such as factor andcross-biomarker correlation/covariance analyses allow more rationaleapproaches to panel construction. Mathematical clustering andclassification tree showing the Euclidean standardized distance betweenthe ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be advantageously used. While such groupingmay or may not give direct insight into the biology and desiredinformational content targets for ideal arteriovascular event formula,it is the result of a method of factor analysis intended to groupcollections of ARTERIORISKMARKERS with similar information content (seeExamples below for more statistical techniques commonly employed).Pathway informed seeding of such statistical classification techniquesalso may be employed, as may rational approaches based on the selectionof individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS based on their participation across inparticular pathways or physiological functions.

Ultimately, formula such as statistical classification algorithms can bedirectly used to both select ARTERIORISKMARKERS and to generate andtrain the optimal formula necessary to combine the results from multipleARTERIORISKMARKERS into a single index. Often, techniques such asforward (from zero potential explanatory parameters) and backwardsselection (from all available potential explanatory parameters) areused, and information criteria, such as AIC or BIC, are used to quantifythe tradeoff between the performance and diagnostic accuracy of thepanel and the number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS used. The position of theindividual ARTERIORISKMARKER on a forward or backwards selected panelcan be closely related to its provision of incremental informationcontent for the algorithm, so the order of contribution is highlydependent on the other constituent ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the panel.

The inventors have observed that certain ARTERIORISKMARKERS arefrequently selected across many different formulas and model types forbiomarker selection and model formula construction. One aspect of thepresent invention relates to selected key biomarkers that arecategorized based on the frequency of the presence of theARTERIORISKMARKERS and in the best fit models of given types takenacross multiple population studies.

One such grouping of several classes of ARTERIORISKMARKERS is presentedbelow in Table 3 and again in FIG. 1.

TABLE 3 ARTERIORISKMARKER Categories Preferred in Panel ConstructionsTraditional Supple- Supple- Clinical Laboratory Core Core mental MentalAdditional Additional Parameters Risk Factors Markers I Markers IIMarkers I Markers II Markers I Markers II Age CHOL ANG CCL2 APOA1 APOBACE ANGPT2 BMI (Cholesterol) CD40 IGF1 CDK5 APOE ADIPOQ CCL11 DiabetesCRP DPP4 LEP EGF BAX AGER CCL13 DBP FGA IL6ST VEGF FTH1 C3 AHSG CCL7(DiastolicBP) Glucose POMC IGFBP1 CD14 ICAM1 CCL8 FamHX HBA1C (A1c)VCAM1 IL18 ENG IGFBP3 CSF1 (Family History) HDLC (HDL) IL2RA HGF INHBACXCL10 Hip INS (Insulin, IL6R HP PLAT IFNG (Circumference) SCp) IL8 SELPIL3 HT (Height) LDL (LDL) SELE SHBG IL5 RACE LPA TNFRSF1B VWF IL7(Ethnicity) TRIG APOA2 MMP9 SBP (Triglycerides) FAS NGFB (Systolic BP)VLDL FASLG TNF Sex IL6 Smoking MMP2 Waist RETN (Circumference) TGFB1 WT(Weight) TNFRSF1A

For the purposes of Table 3, the Examples and Figures, Glucose includesfasting plasma glucose (Glucose), or glucose levels during and afteroral glucose tolerance (Glue120) or other challenge testing. INSincludes fasting insulin (Insulin), or insulin levels during and afteroral glucose tolerance (Ins120) or other challenge testing. Usedgenerally, it includes its precursor pro-insulin, and cleavage productsoluble C-peptide (SCp).

In the context of the present invention, and without limitation of theforegoing, Table 3 above may be used to construct an ARTERIORISKMARKERpanel comprising a series of individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The table,derived using the above statistical and pathway informed classificationtechniques, is intended to assist in the construction of preferredembodiments of the invention by choosing individual ARTERIORISKMARKERSfrom selected categories of multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Preferably, atleast two biomarkers from one or more of the above lists of ClinicalParameters, Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, Core Markers I and II,Supplemental Markers I and II, and Additional Markers I and II areselected, however, the invention also concerns selection of at leasttwo, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, atleast seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at leasteleven, and at least twelve of these biomarkers, and larger panels up tothe entire set of biomarkers listed herein. For example, at least two,at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at leastseven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, orat least twelve biomarkers can be selected from Core Biomarkers I andII, or from Supplemental Biomarkers I and II.

Using the categories presented above and without intending to limit thepractice of the invention, several panel selection approaches can beused independently or, when larger panels are desired, in combination inorder to achieve improvements in the diagnostic accuracy of aARTERIORISKMARKER panel over the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Apreferred approach involves first choosing one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS from the columns labeled Core Biomarkers I and II,which represents those ARTERIORISKMARKERS most frequently chosen usingthe various selection algorithms. While biomarker substitutions arepossible with this approach, several biomarker selection formulas,across multiple studies and populations, have demonstrated and confirmedthe importance of those ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed in the Core BiomarkersI and II columns shown above for the discrimination of subjects likelyto convert to arteriovascular events from those who are not likely to doso. In general, for smaller panels, the higher performingARTERIORISKMARKER panels generally contain ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosenfirst from the list in the Core Biomarker I column, with the highestlevels of performance when several ARTERIORISKMARKERS are chosen fromthis category. ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the Core Biomarker II column canalso be chosen first, and, in sufficiently large panels may also achievehigh degrees of accuracy, but generally are most useful in combinationwith the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the Core Biomarker I column shown above.

Panels of ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen in the above fashion may also besupplemented with one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen from either orboth of the columns labeled Supplemental Markers I and AdditionalMarkers II or from the columns labeled “Traditional Laboratory RiskFactors” and “Clinical Parameters.” Of the Traditional Laboratory RiskFactors, preference is given to HDLC and CRP, then FGA, finally Insulinand Glucose. Of the Clinical Parameters, preference is given to Age andmeasures of blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and of waist or hipcircumference. Such Additional Biomarkers can be added to panelsconstructed from one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS from the Core BiomarkerI and/or Core Biomarker II columns.

Finally, such Supplemental Biomarkers can also be used individually asinitial seeds in construction of several panels together with otherARTERIORISKMARKERS. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS identified in theSupplemental Biomarkers I and Supplemental Biomarkers II column areidentified as common substitution strategies for Core Biomarkersparticularly in larger panels, and panels so constructive often stillarrive at acceptable diagnostic accuracy and overall ARTERIORISKMARKERpanel performance. In fact, as a group, some substitutions of CoreBiomarkers for Supplemental Biomarkers are beneficial for panels over acertain size, and can result in different models and selected sets ofARTERIORISKMARKERS in the panels selected using forward versus stepwise(looking back and testing each previous ARTERIORISKMARKER's individualcontribution with each new ARTERIORISKMARKER addition to a panel)selection formula. Multiple biomarker substitutes for individual CoreBiomarkers may also be derived from substitution analysis (presentingonly a constrained set of biomarkers, without the relevant CoreBiomarker, to the selection formula used, and comparing the before andafter panels constructed) and replacement analysis (replacing therelevant Core Biomarker with every other potential biomarker parameter,reoptimizing the formula coefficients or weights appropriately, andranking the best replacements by a performance criteria).

As implied above, in all such panel construction techniques, initial andsubsequent Core or Supplemental Biomarkers, or Traditional LaboratoryRisk Factors or Clinical Parameters, may also be deliberately selectedfrom a field of many potential ARTERIORISKMARKERS by ARTERIORISKMARKERselection formula, including the actual performance of each derivedstatistical classifier algorithm itself in a training subjectpopulation, in order to maximize the improvement in performance at eachincremental addition of a ARTERIORISKMARKER. In this manner, manyacceptably performing panels can be constructed using any number ofARTERIORISKMARKERS up to the total set measured in one's individualpractice of the invention (as summarized in FIG. 7, and in detail inFIGS. 10, 11,20 and 21 for the relevant Example populations). Thistechnique is also of great use when the number of potentialARTERIORISKMARKERS is constrained for other reasons of practicality oreconomics, as the order of ARTERIORISKMARKER selection is demonstratedin the Examples to vary upon the total ARTERIORISKMARKERS available tothe formula used in selection. It is a feature of the invention that theorder and identity of the specific ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected under anygiven formula may vary based on both the starting list of potentialbiomarker parameters presented to the formula (the total pool from whichbiomarkers may be selected to form panels) as well as due to thetraining population characteristics and level of diversity, as shown inthe Examples below.

Examples of specific ARTERIORISKMARKER panel construction derived usingthe above general techniques are also disclosed herein in the Examples,without limitation of the foregoing, our techniques of biomarker panelconstruction, or the applicability of alternative ARTERIORISKMARKERS orbiomarkers from functionally equivalent classes which are also involvedin the same constituent physiological and biological pathways. Ofparticular note are the panels summarized in FIG. 13 through 15, whichinclude ARTERIORISKMARKERS shown in the above Tables 2 and 3 togetherwith Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors and Clinical Parameters, anddescribe their AUC performance in fitted formulas within the relevantidentified population and biomarker sets.

Of further note is FIG. 2, which is a flow chart depictingARTERIORISKMARKER pathophysiology and progression and biomarkerfunctions, pathways and other categories over the spectrum ofarteriovascular disease, including numerical references to the canonicalmolecular pathways as currently listed within the Kyoto UniversityEncyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) web site. Such pathway diagramslisted at the KEGG web site include references to each of the variousbiomarker participants within the given pathway, relating biomarkersboth directly and indirectly associated with arteriovascular disease.These KEGG pathways are furthermore depicted in the following FIGS. 2Athrough 2P, and referenced below in the marker grouping discussion.

Two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERs of the present invention can also becombined into marker panels comprising combinations ofARTERIORISKMARKERS that are known to be involved in one or morephysiological pathways. Examples of ARTERIORISKMARKER ComponentCategories and a representative number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS implicatedin the physiological pathways for such Component Categories aredisclosed herein, without limitation of the forgoing techniques ofmarker panel construction, or of the applicability of alternativeARTERIORISKMARKERS or biomarkers from functionally equivalent classeswhich are also involved in the same Component Categories and theirconstituent physiological pathways.

Accordingly, ARTERIORISKMARKERS according to the invention can beclassified into panels that comprise biomarkers specific to a particulardisease pathway, disease site, disease stage, disease kinetics, and canalso comprise markers that can be used to exclude and distinguisharteriovascular diseases from each other (“exclusion markers”). Suchpanels can comprise two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS, but can alsocomprise one ARTERIORISKMARKER, where that one ARTERIORISKMARKER canprovide information about several pathways, diseases, disease kinetics,or disease stages.

For example, pathway activity marker panels can comprise one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of general physiological pathwaysthat are active in the subject and associated with an arteriovasculardisease, such as, but not limited to inflammation, platelet aggregation,apoptosis, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, and vascular calcification.Disease site marker panels can comprise one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERSthat are indicative of a particular site of disease, such as sitesinvolved in CAD (coronary arteries), PAD (peripheral arteries), or CVD(cerebrovascular arteries). Such panels can comprise markers of necrosisat high sensitivity, such as, but not limited to ARTERIORISKMARKERScorresponding to creatine kinase MB isozyme (CKMB), troponin I, andtroponin T. Another marker panel that is useful in the practice of thepresent invention is a disease stage marker, wherein one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of the expression kinetics that varywith the absolute stage of progression for the thrombosis prior to thesubject exhibiting symptoms of the arteriovascular disease. SuchARTERIORISKMARKERS include, without limitation, thrombus precursorprotein (TpP) and d-dimer. The invention also concerns marker panelsthat comprise one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of thespeed of progression of an arteriovascular disease, wherein theARTERIORISKMARKERS provide information on the kinetics of expression andhow they vary with the speed of disease progression. For example, suchARTERIORISKMARKERS include, without limitation, chemoattractants andcell activation markers having enzymatic effects on disease developmentprogression. An additional marker panel provided by the presentinvention comprises “exclusion markers”, wherein one or moreARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of a common disease that do notcorrespond to or are not involved in arteriovascular disease, or whichdistinguish among different characteristics and sequelae associated witha particular type of arteriovascular disease.

TABLE 4 Category A - Adipose and Insulin Metabolism Pathway FIG.ARTERIORISKMARKERS Adipocytokine Signaling KEGG 4920; TNF, LEP, ADIPOQ,PPARA, Pathway FIG. 3 PPARD, PPARG Insulin Signaling KEGG 4910; INS,INSR, PDE3, GSK3B, Pathway FIG. 4 PDK1, PDK2

TABLE 5 Category B - Inflammation and Leukocyte Infiltration PathwayFIG. ARTERIORISKMARKERS Cytokine-Cytokine Receptor KEGG 4060; FIG. 2-CBLR1, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 Interaction Pathway (RANTES), CCL9 (MIP-1g),CCL11 (Eotaxin), CCL12 (MCP-5), CCL19 (MIP-3b), CCL21 (TCA4/6CKine),CSF1, CSF2 (GM-CSF), CSF3 (GCSF), CXCL1 (KC), CXCL2 (MIP- 2) CXCR4,CXCR6, GDF15 (MIC1), IFNA, IFNG, IL1B, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8,IL10, IL12B, IL17D (IL27), IL18, PPBP, PF4, TNFA, TNFSF11 (RANKL), CRP,SAA Cell Adhesion Molecule Pathway KEGG 4514; FIG. 2-D ICAM1, ICAM2,ICAM3, JAM2, JAM3, PECAM1, VCAM1, E- selectin, SELP (P-selectin),SELPLG, vWF, CD40, CD40L, ITGAL, ITGB2, IT Leukocyte TransendothelialKEGG 4670; FIG. 2-E JAM1, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, Migration Pathway MMP9,MMP11, MMP12, MMP14 T Cell Receptor Signaling KEGG 4660; FIG. 2-F CDK4,IFNG, TNFA Pathway

TABLE 6 Category C - Cell Proliferation and Death Pathway FIG.ARTERIORISKMARKERS VEGF Signaling Pathway KEGG 4370; FIG. 2-G VEGF,PIGF, IMF, FGF Cell Cycle Pathway KEGG 4110; FIG. 2-H TGFB1, CCNE1,CCNH, CDK4, CDK6, PCNA, SKP2 MAPK Signaling Pathway KEGG 4010; FIG. 2-IMAPK14 (p38), HSPA8, HSP72, FGF, CD14, PDGFA, ACTN1(Actinin), VCL(Vinculin) Apoptosis Pathway KEGG 4210; FIG. 2-J TNFA, CASP3, CASP9Calcium Signaling Pathway KEGG 4020; FIG. 2-K CCNB1, F2R, PDGFRB, TnC,MLCK

TABLE 7 Category D - Oxidative Stress, Cell Matrix and CoagulationPathway FIG. ARTERIORISKMARKERS Complement and Coagulation KEGG 4610;FIG. 2-L C3, C4, vWF, F2, F3, F5, F7, F9, F10, Cascade Pathway F12, F13,CpB2, TFP1, PROC (Protein C), SERPIN G1, PLAT (TPA), PLG (Plasminogen),CD55 (DAF) Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - KEGG 4512; FIG. 2-M MMP-1,MMP-2, MMP-9, PAPP-A, Receptor Interaction Pathway FSD1 (Fibronectin),LAM3 (Laminin), ITGA, ITGB, VCL, (Vinculin) Oxidative Metabolism KEGG0564, 0590; FIGS. MPO, sPLA2, Lp-PLA2, ENO2 2-N and 2-O (Enolase),PGAM4, Ox-LDL, IMA (Ischemia Modified Albumin) Regulation of ActinCytoskeleton KEGG 4810; FIG. 2-P ACTN1 (Actinin), CD14, F2RL1 Pathway

TABLE 8 Category E - Acute and Post-Acute Event Markers Pathway FIG.ARTERIORISKMARKERS Cellular Necrosis — CKMB, Troponin I, Troponin C,Troponin T, Tropomyosin, Myoglobin, Myosin Light Chain, Total CK, Actin,Myosin, Fibronectin Hemodynamic Stress and — BNP, proNT-BNP, ANPRemodelling

TABLE 9 Category F - Arteriovasculate Physiological Pathway FIG.ARTERIORISKMARKERS Physiological — Blood Pressure, Weight, Body-ARTERIORISKMARKERS Mass Index, Resting Heart Rate, Sex, Age, Diabetes,Smoking, Hip or Waist Circumference

TABLE 10 Category G - Algorithms and Index Construction Pathway FIG.ARTERIORISKMARKERS Statistical and Syntactic — Linear classifiers(Fisher's linear (Structural) Classification discriminant, Logisticregression, Algorithms and Index Naïve Bayes classifier, Perceptron), k-Construction Methods nearest neighbor, Boosting, Decision Trees, NeuralNetworks, Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines, Hidden MarkovModels

ARTERIORISKMARKERS according to the present invention need not belimited or bound by the categories A G as disclosed above, but may alsobe analyzed in total or individually, or in clusters not reflected incategories A-G. Furthermore, the above component marker listings do notpurport to be complete; further references to the KEGG pathwayscontained within FIG. 2 are made above so as to enable the more rapidaddition of new biomarkers into the above groupings when they are shownto be functional or statistical equivalents of an existingARTERORISKMARKER.

Table 11 provides a summary of specific example ARTERIORISKMARKER panelsand their inclusion of one or more biomarkers from one or morecategories A-G, as indicated below.

TABLE 11 ARTERIORISKMARKER Panels Using One Or More ARTERIORISKMARKERSEach From One Or More Component Categories A-G Categories Used: 1 2 3 45 6 7 Examples of ARTERIORISKMARKER A AB ABC ABCD ABCDE ABCDEF ABCDEFGPanels B AC ABD ABCE ABCDF ABCDEG C AD ABE ABCF ABCDG ABCDFG D AE ABFABCG ABCEF ABCEFG E AF ABG ABDE ABCEG ABDEFG F AG ACD ABDF ABCFG ACDEFGG BC ACE ABDG ABDEG BCDEFG BD ACF ABEF ABDEG BE ACG ABEG ABDFG BF ADEABFG ABEFG BG ADF ACDE ACDEF CD ADG ACDF ACDEG CE AEF ACDG ACDFG CF AEGACEF ACEFG CG AFG ACEG ADEFG DE BCD ACFG BCDEF DF BCE ADEF BCDEG DG BCFADEG BCDFG EF BCG ADFG BCEFG EG BDE AEFG BDEFG FG BDF BCDE CDEFG BDGBCDF BEF BCDG BEG BCEF BFG BCEG CDE BCFG CDF BDEF CDG BDEG CEF BDFG CEGBEFG CFG CDEF DEF CDEG DEG CDFG DFG CEFG EFG DEFG

As seen in FIG. 2, the manifestations of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS and thecategories proceeds with the progression of the disease, allowingseveral of such categories to serve as a measure of disease status or ofthe speed of disease progression. Furthermore, constituentARTERIORISKMARKERS within categories such as the Cellular Necrosis groupcan also provide specificity as to the focal organ site of thearteriovascular disease, for example, whether CAD, PAD, or CVD, ascertain ARTERIORISKMARKERS have particular tissue specificity, as is thecase with the cardiac troponins (I and T), which are highly specific forCAD.

Furthermore, given that arteriovascular disease often affects themicrovasculature for some time before having sufficient impact on themacrovasculature to cause patient symptoms, these markers may be usablein this “site of disease indicator” role (as part of an overall panel)earlier than in the acute symptomatic phase where they are currentlyused. A prerequisite to this is that sufficient assay analyticalperformance is achieved to allow lower limits of detection andquantification of necrotic markers coming from asymptomaticmicrovasculature ischemic events.

The ARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the present invention can also be usedto generate reference values from a population of subjects who exhibitno symptoms (or who are asymptomatic) for an arteriovascular disease, orsubjects who exhibit similar risk factors for an arteriovasculardisease, such as similar body mass index, similar total cholesterol,similar LDL/HDL levels, similar blood glucose levels, similar systolicand/or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of same or similar age,subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects exhibitingsimilar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or subjects havingfamily histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD.

Construction of Clinical Algorithms

Any formula may be used to combine ARTERIORISKMARKER results intoindices useful in the practice of the invention. As indicated above, andwithout limitation, such indices may indicate, among the various otherindications, the probability, likelihood, absolute or relative risk,time to or rate of conversion from one to another disease states, ormake predictions of future biomarkers measurements of arteriovasculardisease such as HDLC, LDL, CRP, coronary calcium scoring, used in thediagnosis of frank arteriovascular disease. This may be for a specifictime period or horizon, or for remaining lifetime risk, or simply beprovided as an index relative to another reference subject population.

Although various preferred formula are described here, several othermodel and formula types beyond those mentioned herein and in thedefinitions above are well known to one skilled in the art. The actualmodel type or formula used may itself be selected from the field ofpotential models based on the performance and diagnostic accuracycharacteristics of its results in a training population. The specificsof the formula itself may commonly be derived from ARTERIORISKMARKERresults in the relevant training population. Amongst other uses, suchformula may be intended to map the feature space derived from one ormore ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs to a set of subject classes (e.g. usefulin predicting class membership of subjects as normal, at risk for havingan arteriovascular event, having arteriovascular disease), to derive anestimation of a probability function of risk using a Bayesian approach(e.g. the risk of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event),or to estimate the class-conditional probabilities, then use Bayes' ruleto produce the class probability function as in the previous case.

Preferred formulas include the broad class of statistical classificationalgorithms, and in particular the use of discriminant analysis. The goalof discriminant analysis is to predict class membership from apreviously identified set of features. In the case of lineardiscriminant analysis (LDA), the linear combination of features isidentified that maximizes the separation among groups by some criteria.Features can be identified for LDA using an eigengene based approachwith different thresholds (ELDA) or a stepping algorithm based on amultivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Forward, backward, andstepwise algorithms can be performed that minimize the probability of noseparation based on the Hotelling-Lawley statistic.

Eigengene-based Linear Discriminant Analysis (ELDA) is a featureselection technique developed by Shen et al. (2006). The formula selectsfeatures (e.g. biomarkers) in a multivariate framework using a modifiedeigen analysis to identify features associated with the most importanteigenvectors. “Important” is defined as those eigenvectors that explainthe most variance in the differences among samples that are trying to beclassified relative to some threshold.

A support vector machine (SVM) is a classification formula that attemptsto find a hyperplane that separates two classes. This hyperplanecontains support vectors, data points that are exactly the margindistance away from the hyperplane. In the likely event that noseparating hyperplane exists in the current dimensions of the data, thedimensionality is expanded greatly by projecting the data into largerdimensions by taking non-linear functions of the original variables(Venables and Ripley, 2002). Although not required, filtering offeatures for SVM often improves prediction. Features (e.g., biomarkers)can be identified for a support vector machine using a non-parametricKruskal-Wallis (KW) test to select the best univariate features. Arandom forest (RF, Breiman, 2001) or recursive partitioning (RPART,Breiman et al., 1984) can also be used separately or in combination toidentify biomarker combinations that are most important. Both KW and RFrequire that a number of features be selected from the total. RPARTcreates a single classification tree using a subset of availablebiomarkers.

Other formula may be used in order to pre-process the results ofindividual ARTERIORISKMARKER measurement into more valuable forms ofinformation, prior to their presentation to the predictive formula. Mostnotably, normalization of biomarker results, using either commonmathematical transformations such as logarithmic or logistic functions,as normal or other distribution positions, in reference to apopulation's mean values, etc. are all well known to those skilled inthe art (as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, and described in the Examples, suchtransformation and normalization of individual biomarker concentrationsmay commonly be performed in the practice of the invention). Ofparticular interest are a set of normalizations based on ClinicalParameters such as age, gender, race, or sex, where specific formula areused solely on subjects within a class or continuously combining aClinical Parameter as an input. In other cases, analyte-based biomarkerscan be combined into calculated variables (much as BMI is a calculationusing Height and Weight) which are subsequently presented to a formula.

In addition to the individual parameter values of one subjectpotentially being normalized, an overall predictive formula for allsubjects, or any known class of subjects, may itself be recalibrated orotherwise adjusted based on adjustment for a population's expectedprevalence and mean biomarker parameter values, according to thetechnique outlined in D'Agostino et al, (2001) JAMA 286:180-187, orother similar normalization and recalibration techniques. Suchepidemiological adjustment statistics may be captured, confirmed,improved and updated continuously through a registry of past datapresented to the model, which may be machine readable or otherwise, oroccasionally through the retrospective query of stored samples orreference to historical studies of such parameters and statistics.Additional examples that may be the subject of formula recalibration orother adjustments include statistics used in studies by Pepe, M. S. etal, 2004 on the limitations of odds ratios; Cook, M R., 2007 relating toROC curves; and Vasan, R. S., 2006 regarding biomarkers ofcardiovascular disease.

Finally, the numeric result of a classifier formula itself may betransformed post-processing by its reference to an actual clinicalpopulation and study results and observed endpoints, in order tocalibrate to absolute risk and provide confidence intervals for varyingnumeric results of the classifier or risk formula. An example of this isthe presentation of absolute risk, and confidence intervals for thatrisk, derived using an actual clinical study, chosen with reference tothe output of the recurrence score formula in the Oncotype Dx product ofGenomic Health, Inc. (Redwood City, Calif.). A further modification isto adjust for smaller sub-populations of the study based on the outputof the classifier or risk formula and defined and selected by theirClinical Parameters, such as age or sex.

Modifications for Therapeutic Intervention Panels

An ARTERIORISKMARKER panel can be constructed and formula derivedspecifically to enhance performance for use also in subjects undergoingtherapeutic interventions, or a separate panel and formula mayalternatively be used solely in such patient populations. An aspect ofthe invention is the use of specific known characteristics ofARTERIORISKMARKERS and their changes in such subjects for such panelconstruction and formula derivation. Such modifications may enhance theperformance of various indications noted above in arteriovasculardisease prevention, and diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and prognosis ofarteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events.

Several of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS disclosed herein are known to thoseskilled in the art to vary predictably under therapeutic intervention,whether lifestyle (e.g. diet and exercise), surgical (e.g. coronaryartery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous intervention (PCI), bare metal,bioabsorbable or drug eluting (DES) stem placement, bariatric surgery)or pharmaceutical (e.g, one of the various classes of drugs mentionedherein or known to modify common risk factors or risk of arterio)intervention. For example, a PubMed search using the terms “POMC drug,”will return over 21,100 references, many with respect to the changes ornon-changes in the levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in subjectstreated with various individual disease-modulating agents, for botharteriovascular and other diseases. In particularly there is adocumented history with the glucocorticoid drug class, but also suchrepresentative class drugs as candesartan, insulin, glyburid have allbeen studied with POMC.

Similar evidence of variance under therapeutic intervention is widelyavailable for many of the biomarkers listed in Table 3, such as CRP,FGA, INS, LEP, DPP4, amongst others. Relationships have been noted inthe literature between serum levels of ANG and heparin and sodium, andbetween CD40 and dexamethosone together with other corticosteroids, aswell as with statins. VCAM1 and LEP have evidence of being affected byboth statins and TZDs such as rosiglitazone.

Certain of the biomarkers listed, most particularly the ClinicalParameters and the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors (including suchbiomarkers as SBP, DBP, CHOL, HDL, and HBA1c), are furthermoretraditionally used as surrogate or primary endpoint markers of efficacyfor entire classes of arteriovascular disease-modulating agents, thusmost certainly changing in a statistically significant way.

Still others, including genetic biomarkers, such as those polymorphismsknown in the PPARG and INSR (and generally all genetic biomarkers absentsomatic mutation), are similarly known not to vary in their measurementunder particular therapeutic interventions. Such variation may or maynot impact the general validity of a given panel, but will often impactthe index values reported, and may require different marker selection,the formula to be re-optimized or other changes to the practice of theinvention. Alternative model calibrations may also be practiced in orderto adjust the normally reported results under a therapeuticintervention, including the use of manual table lookups and adjustmentfactors.

Such properties of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS can thus beanticipated and exploited to select, guide, and monitor therapeuticinterventions. For example, specific ARTERIORISKMARKERS may be added to,or subtracted from, the set under consideration in the construction ofthe ARTERIORISKMARKER PANELS, based on whether they are known to vary,or not to vary, under therapeutic intervention. Alternatively, suchARTERIORISKMARKERS may be individually normalized or formularecalibrated to adjust for such effects according to the above and othermeans well known to those skilled in the art.

Combination with Clinical Parameters and Traditional Laboratory RiskFactors

Any of the aforementioned Clinical Parameters may be used in thepractice of the invention as an ARTERIORISKMARKER input to a formula oras a pre-selection criteria defining a relevant population to bemeasured using a particular ARTERIORISKMARKER panel and formula. Asnoted above, Clinical Parameters may also be useful in the biomarkernormalization and pre-processing, or in ARTERIORISKMARKER selection,panel construction, formula type selection and derivation, and formularesult post-processing. A similar approach can be taken with theTraditional Laboratory Risk Factors, as either an input to a formula oras a pre-selection criteria.

Measurement of ARTERIORISKMARKERS

Biomarkers may be measured in using several techniques designed toachieve more predictable subject and analytical variability. On subjectvariability, many of the above ARTERIORISKMARKERS are commonly measuredin a fasting state, and most commonly in the morning, providing areduced level of subject variability due to both food consumption andmetabolism and diurnal variation. The invention hereby claims allfasting and temporal-based sampling procedures using theARTERIORISKMARKERS described herein. Pre-processing adjustments ofARTERIORISKMARKER results may also be intended to reduce this effect.

The actual measurement of levels or amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERScan be determined at the protein or nucleic acid level using any methodknown in the art. For example, at the nucleic acid level, Northern andSouthern hybridization analysis, as well as ribonuclease protectionassays using probes which specifically recognize one or more of thesesequences can be used to determine gene expression. Alternatively,amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be measured usingreverse-transcription-based PCR assays (RT-PCR), e.g., using primersspecific for the differentially expressed sequence of genes. Amounts ofARTERIORISKMARKERS can also be determined at the protein level, e.g., bymeasuring the levels of peptides encoded by the gene products describedherein, or activities thereof. Such methods are well known in the artand include, e.g., immunoassays based on antibodies to proteins encodedby the genes, aptamers or molecular imprints. Any biological materialcan be used for the detection/quantification of the protein or itsactivity. Alternatively, a suitable method can be selected to determinethe activity of proteins encoded by the marker genes according to theactivity of each protein analyzed.

The ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations, andpolymorphisms thereof can be detected in any suitable manner, but istypically detected by contacting a sample from the subject with anantibody which binds the ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, polypeptide,mutation, or polymorphism and then detecting the presence or absence ofa reaction product. The antibody may be monoclonal, polyclonal,chimeric, or a fragment of the foregoing, as discussed in detail above,and the step of detecting the reaction product may be carried out withany suitable immunoassay. The sample from the subject is typically abiological fluid as described above, and may be the same sample ofbiological fluid used to conduct the method described above.

Immunoassays carried out in accordance with the present invention may behomogeneous assays or heterogeneous assays. In a homogeneous assay theimmunological reaction usually involves the specific antibody (e.g.,anti ARTERIORISKMARKER protein antibody), a labeled analyte, and thesample of interest. The signal arising from the label is modified,directly or indirectly, upon the binding of the antibody to the labeledanalyte. Both the immunological reaction and detection of the extentthereof can be carried out in a homogeneous solution. Immunochemicallabels which may be employed include free radicals, radioisotopes,fluorescent dyes, enzymes, bacteriophages, or coenzymes.

In a heterogeneous assay approach, the reagents are usually the sample,the antibody, and means for producing a detectable signal. Samples asdescribed above may be used. The antibody can be immobilized on asupport, such as a bead (such as protein A and protein G agarose beads),plate or slide, and contacted with the specimen suspected of containingthe antigen in a liquid phase. The support is then separated from theliquid phase and either the support phase or the liquid phase isexamined for a detectable signal employing means for producing suchsignal. The signal is related to the presence of the analyte in thesample. Means for producing a detectable signal include the use ofradioactive labels, fluorescent labels, or enzyme labels. For example,if the antigen to be detected contains a second binding site, anantibody which binds to that site can be conjugated to a detectablegroup and added to the liquid phase reaction solution before theseparation step. The presence of the detectable group on the solidsupport indicates the presence of the antigen in the test sample.Examples of suitable immunoassays are oligonucleotides, immunoblotting,immunofluorescence methods, immunoprecipitation, chemiluminescencemethods, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) or enzyme-linked immunoassays.

Those skilled in the art will be familiar with numerous specificimmunoassay formats and variations thereof which may be useful forcarrying out the method disclosed herein. See generally E. Maggio,Enzyme-Immunoassay, (1980) (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.); see alsoU.S. Pat. No. 4,727,022 to Skold et al. titled “Methods for ModulatingLigand-Receptor Interactions and their Application,” U.S. Pat. No.4,659,678 to Forrest et al. titled “Immunoassay of Antigens,” U.S. Pat.No. 4,376,110 to David et al., titled “Immunometric Assays UsingMonoclonal Antibodies,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149 to Litman et al., titled“Macromolecular Environment Control in Specific Receptor Assays,” U.S.Pat. No. 4,233,402 to Maggio et al., titled “Reagents and MethodEmploying Channeling,” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,767 to Boguslaski et al.,titled “Heterogenous Specific Binding Assay Employing a Coenzyme asLabel.”

Antibodies can be conjugated to a solid support suitable for adiagnostic assay (e.g., beads such as protein A or protein G agarose,microspheres, plates, slides or wells formed from materials such aslatex or polystyrene) in accordance with known techniques, such aspassive binding. Antibodies as described herein may likewise beconjugated to detectable labels or groups such as radiolabels (e.g.,.sup.35S, .sup.125I, .sup.131I) enzyme labels (e.g., horseradishperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase), and fluorescent labels (e.g.,fluorescein, Alexa, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine) in accordancewith known techniques.

Antibodies can also be useful for detecting post-translationalmodifications of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations,and polymorphisms, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, threoninephosphorylation, serine phosphorylation, glycosylation (e.g., O-GlcNAc).Such antibodies specifically detect the phosphorylated amino acids in aprotein or proteins of interest, and can be used in immunoblotting,immunofluorescence, and ELISA assays described herein. These antibodiesare well-known to those skilled in the art, and commercially available.Post-translational modifications can also be determined using metastableions in reflector matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time offlight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) (Wirth, U. et al. (2002) Proteomics2(10): 1445-51).

For ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations, andpolymorphisms known to have enzymatic activity, the activities can bedetermined in vitro using enzyme assays known in the art. Such assaysinclude, without limitation, kinase assays, phosphatase assays,reductase assays, among many others. Modulation of the kinetics ofenzyme activities can be determined by measuring the rate constantK.sub.M using known algorithms, such as the Hill plot, Michaelis-Mentenequation, linear regression plots such as Lineweaver-Burk analysis, andScatchard plot.

Using sequence information provided by the database entries for theARTERIORISKMARKER sequences, expression of the ARTERIORISKMARKERsequences can be detected (if present) and measured using techniqueswell known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, sequenceswithin the sequence database entries corresponding to ARTERIORISKMARKERsequences, or within the sequences disclosed herein, can be used toconstruct probes for detecting ARTERIORISKMARKER RNA sequences in, e.g.,Northern blot hybridization analyses or methods which specifically, and,preferably, quantitatively amplify specific nucleic acid sequences. Asanother example, the sequences can be used to construct primers forspecifically amplifying the ARTERIORISKMARKER sequences in, e.g.,amplification-based detection methods such as reverse-transcriptionbased polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When alterations in geneexpression are associated with gene amplification, deletion,polymorphisms, and mutations, sequence comparisons in test and referencepopulations can be made by comparing relative amounts of the examinedDNA sequences in the test and reference cell populations.

Expression of the genes disclosed herein can be measured at the RNAlevel using any method known in the art. For example, Northernhybridization analysis using probes which specifically recognize one ormore of these sequences can be used to determine gene expression.Alternatively, expression can be measured usingreverse-transcription-based PCR assays (RT-PCR), e.g., using primersspecific for the differentially expressed sequences. RNA can also bequantified using, for example, other target amplification methods (e.g.,TMA, SDA, NASBA), or signal amplification methods (e.g., bDNA), and thelike.

Alternatively, ARTERIORISKMARKER protein and nucleic acid metabolitescan be measured. The term “metabolite” includes any chemical orbiochemical product of a metabolic process, such as any compoundproduced by the processing, cleavage or consumption of a biologicalmolecule (e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, or lipid).Metabolites can be detected in a variety of ways known to one of skillin the art, including the refractive index spectroscopy (RI),ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV), fluorescence analysis, radiochemicalanalysis, near-infrared spectroscopy (near-IR), nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy (NMR), light scattering analysis (LS), massspectrometry, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, nephelometry, dispersiveRaman spectroscopy, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry,liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, matrix-assistedlaser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) combined withmass spectrometry, ion spray spectroscopy combined with massspectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, NMR and IR detection. (See, WO04/056456 and WO 04/088309, each of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties) In this regard, other ARTERIORISKMARKERanalytes can be measured using the above-mentioned detection methods, orother methods known to the skilled artisan. For example, circulatingcalcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) can be detected in a sample using fluorescentdyes such as the Fluo series, Fura-2A, Rhod-2, among others. OtherARTERIORISKMARKER metabolites can be similarly detected using reagentsthat are specifically designed or tailored to detect such metabolites.

Kits

The invention also includes a ARTERIORISKMARKER-detection reagent, e.g.,nucleic acids that specifically identify one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERnucleic acids by having homologous nucleic acid sequences, such asoligonucleotide sequences, complementary to a portion of theARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids or antibodies to proteins encoded by theARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids packaged together in the form of a kit.The oligonucleotides can be fragments of the ARTERIORISKMARKER genes.For example the oligonucleotides can be 200, 150, 100, 50, 25, 10 orless nucleotides in length. The kit may contain in separate containers anucleic acid or antibody (either already bound to a solid matrix orpackaged separately with reagents for binding them to the matrix),control formulations (positive and/or negative), and/or a detectablelabel such as fluorescein, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine, cyaninedyes, Alexa dyes, luciferase, radiolabels, among others. Instructions(e.g., written, tape, VCR, CD-ROM, etc.) for carrying out the assay maybe included in the kit. The assay may for example be in the form of aNorthern hybridization or a sandwich ELISA as known in the art.

For example, ARTERIORISKMARKER detection reagents can be immobilized ona solid matrix such as a porous strip to form at least oneARTERIORISKMARKER detection site. The measurement or detection region ofthe porous strip may include a plurality of sites containing a nucleicacid. A test strip may also contain sites for negative and/or positivecontrols. Alternatively, control sites can be located on a separatestrip from the test strip. Optionally, the different detection sites maycontain different amounts of immobilized nucleic acids, e.g., a higheramount in the first detection site and lesser amounts in subsequentsites. Upon the addition of test sample, the number of sites displayinga detectable signal provides a quantitative indication of the amount ofARTERIORISKMARKERS present in the sample. The detection sites may beconfigured in any suitably detectable shape and are typically in theshape of a bar or dot spanning the width of a test strip.

Alternatively, the kit contains a nucleic acid substrate arraycomprising one or more nucleic acid sequences. The nucleic acids on thearray specifically identify one or more nucleic acid sequencesrepresented by ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023. In various embodiments, theexpression of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 100, 125,150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or more of thesequences represented by ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 can be identified byvirtue of binding to the array. The substrate array can be on, e.g., asolid substrate, e.g., a “chip” as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,305.Alternatively, the substrate array can be a solution array, e.g., xMAP(Luminex, Austin, Tex.), Cyvera (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), CellCard(Vitra Bioscience, Mountain View, Calif.) and Quantum Dots' Mosaic(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Suitable sources for antibodies for the detection of ARTERIORISKMARKERSincludecommercially available sources such as, for example, Abazyme,Abnova, Affinity Biologicals, AntibodyShop, Biogenesis, BiosenseLaboratories, Calbiochem, Cell Sciences, Chemicon International,Chemokine, Clontech, Cytolab, DAKO, Diagnostic BioSystems, eBioscience,Endocrine Technologies, Enzo Biochem, Eurogentec, Fusion Antibodies,Genesis Biotech, GloboZymes, Haematologic Technologies, Immunodetect,Immunodiagnostik, Immunometrics, Immunostar, Immunovision, Biogenex,Invitrogen, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory, KMI Diagnostics, KomaBiotech, LabFrontier Life Science Institute, Lee Laboratories,Lifescreen, Maine Biotechnology Services, Mediclone, MicroPharm Ltd.,ModiQuest, Molecular Innovations, Molecular Probes, Neoclone, Neuromics,New England Biolabs, Novocastra, Novus Biologicals, Oncogene ResearchProducts, Orbigen, Oxford Biotechnology, Panvera, PerkinElmer LifeSciences, Pharmingen, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Pierce Chemical Company,Polymun Scientific, Polysiences, Inc., Promega Corporation, Proteogenix,Protos Immunoresearch, QED Biosciences, Inc., R&D Systems, Repligen,Research Diagnostics, Roboscreen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SeikagakuAmerica, Serological Corporation, Serotec, SigmaAldrich, StemCellTechnologies, Synaptic Systems GmbH, Technopharm, Terra NovaBiotechnology, TiterMax, Trillium Diagnostics, Upstate Biotechnology, USBiological, Vector Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, andZeptometrix. However, the skilled artisan can routinely make antibodies,nucleic acid probes, e.g., oligonucleotides, aptamers, siRNAs, antisenseoligonucleotides, against any of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in Table 2.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

Source Reagents: A large and diverse array of vendors that were used tosource immunoreagents as a starting point for assay development, suchas, but not limited to, Abazyme, Abnova, Affinity Biologicals,AntibodyShop, Biogenesis, Biosense Laboratories, Calbiochem, CellSciences, Chemicon International, Chemokine, Clontech, Cytolab, DAKO,Diagnostic BioSystems, eBioscience, Endocrine Technologies, EnzoBiochem, Eurogentec, Fusion Antibodies, Genesis Biotech, GloboZymes,Haematologic Technologies, Immunodetect, Immunodiagnostik,Immunometrics, Immunostar, Immunovision, Biogenex, Invitrogen, JacksonImmunoResearch Laboratory, KMI Diagnostics, Koma Biotech, LabFrontierLife Science Institute, Lee Laboratories, Lifescreen, MaineBiotechnology Services, Mediclone, MicroPharm Ltd., ModiQuest, MolecularInnovations, Molecular Probes, Neoclone, Neuromics, New England Biolabs,Novocastra, Novus Biologicals, Oncogene Research Products, Orbigen,Oxford Biotechnology, Panvera, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Pharmingen,Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Pierce Chemical Company, Polymun Scientific,Polysiences, Inc., Promega Corporation, Proteogenix, ProtosImmunoresearch, QED Biosciences, Inc., R&D Systems, Repligen, ResearchDiagnostics, Roboscreen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Seikagaku America,Serological Corporation, Serotec, SigmaAldrich, StemCell Technologies,Synaptic Systems GmbH, Technopharm, Terra Nova Biotechnology, TiterMax,Trillium Diagnostics, Upstate Biotechnology, US Biological, VectorLaboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, and Zeptometrix. A searchfor capture antibodies, detection antibodies, and analytes was performedto configure a working sandwich immunoassay. The reagents were orderedand received into inventory.

Immunoassays were developed in three steps: Prototyping, Validation, andKit Release. Prototyping was conducted using standard ELISA formats whenthe two antibodies used in the assay were from different host species.Using standard conditions, anti-host secondary antibodies conjugatedwith horse radish peroxidase were evaluated in a standard curve. If agood standard curve was detected, the assay proceeded to the next step.Assays that had the same host antibodies went directly to the next step(e.g., mouse monoclonal sandwich assays).

Validation of working assays was perfon led using the Zeptosensedetection platform from Singulex, Inc. (St. Louis, Mo.). The detectionantibody was first conjugated to the fluorescent dye Alexa 647. Theconjugations used standard NHS ester chemistry, for example, accordingto the manufacturer. Once the antibody was labeled, the assay was testedin a sandwich assay format using standard conditions. Each assay wellwas solubilized in a denaturing buffer, and the material was read on theZeptosense platform.

Once a working Zeptosense standard curve was demonstrated, assays weretypically applied to 24-96 serum samples to determine the normaldistribution of the target analyte across clinical samples. The amountof serum required to measure the biomarker within the linear dynamicrange of the assay was determined, and the assay proceeded to kitrelease. For the initial validated assays, 0.004 microliters were usedper well on average.

Each component of the kit including manufacturer, catalog numbers, lotnumbers, stock and working concentrations, standard curve, and serumrequirements were compiled into a standard operating procedures for eachbiomarker assay. This kit was then released for use to test clinicalsamples.

Example 1

Example 1 presents the practice of the invention in a longitudinalcase-control study design. The starting sample was a large populationbased longitudinal study following approximately 6,300 patients over aminimum of five years to date. In the initial smaller subset study andanalysis presented here, patients were first selected based on no priorhistory of acute arteriovascular events at baseline study entry, andrisk enriched to an estimated applicable clinical population most likelyto be tested by an ATERIORISKMARKER combination panel by applying an“entry” baseline requirement of age greater than or equal to 39 yearsold and body mass index of greater than or equal to 25.

This population was then filtered to remove those who subsequentlyexperienced an arteriovascular event during the study, such eventsincluding a broad definition of myocardial infarction, unstable angina,revascularization (such as thrombolysis, PCI or CABG), or ischemicstroke (hemorrhagic strokes were removed). A randomized sampling of 33of these subjects who ultimately converted to arteriovascular eventsduring the course of the study (Converters) were initially selected as aCase arm for marker discovery and initial algorithm training.

A general prevalence based randomized sample control arm of 724 of thetotal subjects was selected from the remaining age and BMI enrichedpopulation which did not experience a subsequent acute arteriovascularevent during the study duration was also selected (Controls).

Example 1 herein focuses on a subset Case group of 26 subjects of the33, excluding those 7 subjects who experienced strokes (and without anyother arteriovascular events) during the duration of the study,resulting in a subset comprising solely those who experienced myocardialinfarction (14 subjects), angina requiring hospitalization (11patients), any revascularization procedure (17 patients), or anycombination of these arteriovascular events. None of these 26 patientsalso experienced strokes during this period.

Example 2 focuses on the entire group of 33 Converters, including the 7stroke patients. Summary descriptive subject statistics and risk factordistributions are presented in Table 11 below and in FIG. 3.

TABLE 11 Study Design for Example 1 (26 Cases) and Example 2 (33 Cases)Excluding Stroke Including Stroke Cases Controls Cases Controls (n = 26)(n = 724) (n = 33) (n = 724) Age Mean 54 (4.7) 49 (6.4) Age Mean 53 (5)49 (64) (sd) (sd) Sex Male 21 441 Sex Male 28 441 Female 5 283 Female 5283 Family Hist. No 24 656 Family Hist. No 30 656 (Cardiac) Yes 2 68(Cardiac) Yes 3 68 Hyperlipidemia No 8 212 Hyperlipidemia No 11 212 Yes18 512 Yes 22 512 Diabetes No 23 635 Diabetes No 29 635 Yes 3 89 Yes 489 Smoking No 18 517 Smoking No 22 517 Yes 8 207 Yes 11 207 DyslipidemiaNo 5 151 Dyslipidemia No 6 151 Yes 21 573 Yes 27 573 Hypertension No 12338 Hypertension No 12 338 Yes 14 386 Yes 21 386 High HDL No 23 548 highHDL No 29 548 Yes 3 176 Yes 4 176 Risk Factor −1 0 12 Risk Facter −1 012 Score* 0 2 90 Score* 0 2 90 1 3 134 1 3 134 2 5 167 2 7 167 3 5 178 36 178 4 6 103 4 11 103 5 3 36 5 4 36 6 0 4 6 0 4 *Definition of RiskFactor Score One point for each risk factor as below: LDL > 160 HDL < 40(IF HDL >= 60 then score is −1) CHOL > 200 BP: SBP >= 140 OR DP >= 90AGE >= 45 (MEN) or AGE >= (WOMEN) Baseline Diabetes: Present

Baseline (at study entry) samples were tested according to the abovemethods and results recorded for a representative grouping of 61ARTERIORISKMARKERS, with biomarkers selected primarily on the basis ofthe strength of published literature supporting an association withateriovascular and cardiometabolic disease.

Data Analysis

Prior to statistical methods being applied, each ARTERIORISKMARKER assayplate was reviewed for pass/fail criteria. Parameters taken intoconsideration included number of samples within range of the standardcurve, serum control within the range of the standard curve, CVs ofsamples and dynamic range of assay.

A model based on the continuous input model of the Framingham Risk Scoreof Wilson (1998), comprising eight ATERIORISKMARKER inputs (Age, CHOL,HDLC, SBP, DBP, Smoking, Diabetes, and Sex), was calculated in order tohave a baseline to measure improvement from the incorporation ofdiffering ARTERIORISKMARKERS into the potential formulas. FIG. 6 is achart depicting the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve of aglobal risk assessment index according to the Framingham model for riskof future cardiovascular events, as measured and calculated for theExample 1 populations (sensitivity and specificity of the Framinghammodel to cardiovascular events excluding stroke patients from theanalysis) and with the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic of 0.61calculated and shown in the legend. Additionally, various best fitmodels for the populations of Example 1 were also constructing using allof the Clinical Parameters and Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors ofthe invention (which include all of the aforementioned Framinghamvariables), this is presented, together with full models encompassingall of the blood-bourne ATERIORISKMARKERS and the total tested set ofATERIORISKMARKERS in FIG. 16.

Prior to formula analysis, ATERIORISKMARKER parameters were transformed,according to the methodologies shown for each ATERIORISKMARKER in FIG.4, and missing results were imputed. If the amount of missing data wasgreater than 1%, various imputation techniques were employed to evaluatethe effect on the results, otherwise the k-nearest neighbor method(library EMV, R Project) was used using correlation as the distancemetric and 6 nearest neighbors to estimate the missing values.

Excessive covariation, multicolinearity, between variables wereevaluated graphically and by computing pairwise correlationcoefficients. When the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.75, a stronglack of independence between biomarkers was indicated, suggesting thatthey should be evaluated separately. Univariate summary statisticsincluding means, standard deviations, and odds ratios were computedusing logistic regression.

FIG. 4 is a is a table summarizing the measured values and variances ofcertain selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS studied within the Examples given,including their concentration or other measurement units, mathematicalnormalization transformations (used in model formula and multi-biomarkerindex construction), transformed mean and standard deviation values, andback-transformed (raw) mean biomarker concentration or other value asmeasured for both the Total Cases (Converter to Arteriovascular Events,n=33) and Controls (Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) ofthe Examples, as well as a comparison of the mean values with astatistical p-value given, using a two-tailed t-test for the nullhypothesis (the random probability that group means are equal). Thegiven concentrations represent population based means and standarddeviations useful in the construction and optimization of assays in thepractice of the invention.

FIG. 5 is is a table further dividing the Cases cohort intosub-groupings based on the event type, separating stroke into onecohort, and, for the non-stroke subjects, based on the time elapsed fromthe baseline entry date to the study (also the sample collection datefor the samples tested for ARTERIORISKMARKERS) to the earliestarteriovascular event date. Subsequent examination of subject recordsalso indicated a group of 3 subjects who likely had an arteriovascularevent prior to the baseline, these were also separated into a cohort.This table also provides the measured means and variances for eachsub-group as otherwise described in FIG. 4 applying the same summarystatistics, additionally providing statistical p-values for a one-wayAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysisof variance (KW). Several markers show statistically significantdifferences across the sub-groups, indicating an ability to bothdistinguish stroke from other arteriovascular events and also todistinguish between early and late converters to arteriovascular eventswhen combined with appropriate models.

Biomarker Selection and Model Building

Characteristics of the populations of Example 1 were considered invarious predictive models, model types, and model parameters, and theAUC results of these formula are summarized in FIG. 19. Several stepwisemarker addition algorithms were constructed from null and full sets, aswell as groupings seeded by initial markers and alternative selectionstrategies as described herein; an example of a cumulative step analysisand ROC curve result is presented in FIG. 7 for the ARTERIORISKMARKER ofPOMC, which evidenced strong prognostic value in the populations of theexample, particularly when combined with Core Markers, ClinicalParameters and the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors disclosed in theinvention. FIG. 7 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fittedlinear discriminant analysis (LDA) models for risk of futurearteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1populations, starting with a single ARTERIORISKMARKER clinical parameter(Age) ROC curve, then adding an additional ARTERIORISKMARKER (POMC,HDLC, and BMI) and reoptimizing the model at each subsequent ROC curve,with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend for each step. Theseincreasing curve AUCs demonstrate the additional discrimination valueimparted by the additional marker, increasing from 0.72 to 0.82.

Multiple model building techniques designed to trade off model size withperformance were used. Models utilizing both blood-borne onlyATERIORISKMARKERS, as might be most useful in a remote laboratory orsite separated from the collection of the Clinical Parameters, and alsousing all ARTERIORISKMARKERS, were constructed. Two examples areprovided in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the ROCcurves of a seven biomarker fitted LDA model for risk of futurearteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1populations, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend. This LDAmodel was forward selected from a group limited to blood-bourneARTERIORISKMARKERS as its sole parameters, and included POMC, HDLC,VEGF, LEP, IL6ST, Ins120, and IGF1 as inputs, with a calculated AUC of0.8.

FIG. 9 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a nine biomarker fittedLDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured andcalculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated andshown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from thecomplete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinicalparameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and included Age, POMC, FIDLC, CCL2, BMI,VEGF, IL18, IL6ST, EGF, with a calculated AUC of 0.88.

Forward selection and complete enumeration techniques were used in orderto confirm the ranking, ordering, and apparent categorization of thevarious ARTERIORISKMARKERS. FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 present two suchanalyses performed using the results from the Example 1 population. FIG.10 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 53selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selectedblood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). Asuperimposed line shows the parallel changes in Akaike's InformationCriterion (AIC), a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimatedstatistical model which trades off model complexity (size in totalnumber of ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs) against how well the model fits thedata (a lower AIC is relatively better than a higher one).

FIG. 11 is also a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUCstatistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models,starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step addingone more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizingthe LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continuesthrough 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of boththe selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameterARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AIC is included as in the previous chart.

Complete enumeration of various model sizes, as measured in numbers ofARTERIORISKMARKERS incorporated, was performed in order to confirm thesubstitutability of various markers and of the various ARTERIORISKMARKERcategories of the invention. FIG. 12 is a table summarizing the completeenumeration of fitted LDA models for all single, two, three, and fourARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible from a starting set of 61selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both blood-bourne analytes andclinical parameters. The table indicates first the total possible panelcombinations, which expands from 61 for single ARTERIORISKMARKERS to521,855 for four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations. It then gives thenumber of combinations which produce fitted LDA models that achieve anequal or greater AUC than that shown as the hurdle in the leftmostcolumn of the table (all as calculated in the populations of Example 1).For example, in the row indicated 0.75, from all possible twoARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (1,830 combinations), only 2 combinations(0.11% of the total two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible)resulted in a fitted LDA model that equalled or exceeded an AUC of 0.75,while only 198 three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (0.55% of 35,990possible three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations) resulted in fitted LDAmodels exceeding the same hurdle, and so on. No single markers reachedthis hurdle; in fact, in the data set used only Age and POMC equaled orexceeded an AUC of 0.65.

The highest performing subsets of the complete enumerated combinations,as measured in the populations of Example 1, are presented in FIGS. 13through 15. FIG. 13 is a table listing all 200 individual two markercombinations (10.93% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible)achieving an AUC of 0.65 or better according to the analysis summarizedpreviously. FIG. 14 is a table listing all 2,573 individual two markercombinations (7.15% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible)achieving an AUC of 0.70 or better according to the analysis summarizedpreviously. FIG. 15 is a table listing all 8,153 individual two markercombinations (1.56% out of a total 521,855 unique combinations possible)achieving an AUC of 0.75 or better according to the analysis summarizedpreviously.

This was continued with analysis of “full” models, consisting of varioussubsets and the total number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS available to theindividual marker selection model. FIG. 16 is a chart depicting the ROCcurves of multiple fitted full models, utilizing the best model of anytype by achieved ROC curve (chosen from model types including LDA(multiple selection and model size criteria), SVM (Random Forest, TopKruskal-Wallis), and ELDA (multiple thresholds)) for risk of futurearteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1populations. This chart encompasses models selected from three differentoverlapping subsets of ARTERIORISKMARKERS from a total set of 61selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS. One subset encompassed all “ClinicalMarker” ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both the non-analyte clinicalparameters as well as only the blood-bourne traditional laboratory riskfactors most commonly used in current global risk assessment models:CHOL, HDLC, LDL, HBA1C, Glucose, and Insulin; it achieved a maximum AUCof 0.82, Another group included only the “Blood-Bourne Markers”analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS without non-analyte clinicalparameters; it achieved an ROC of 0.86. The final set included all 61selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS; it achieved an AUC of 0.92. This analysisdemonstrates selected use of blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS impartsincremental information even to the full set of standard clinicalparameters and traditional laboratory risk factors.

FIG. 17 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best blood-bourneARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from only the blood-borneARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.86 as shown in thelegend. FIG. 18 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best totalARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from all 61 possibleARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.90 as shown in thelegend.

In general, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) models maintained themost predictable performance under cross-validation. As a representativeexample LDA model, the below coefficients represent the terms of thelinear discriminant (LD) of the respective LDA models shown in, given inthe form of:

LD=coefficient1*biomarker1+coefficient2*biomarker2coefficient3*biomarker−3+

The terms “biomarker1,” “biomarker2,” “biomarker3” . . . , represent thetransformed values of the respective parameter as presented above inFIG. 4, with concentrations generally being log transformed, LDL beingtransformed using the square root function, and Age, HBA1C, HT, SCpvalues being used raw. Transformations were performed to correct thebiomarkers for violations of univariate normality.

Table 12 shows the results of an LDA calculation for the LDA modelpresented as an ROC curve in FIG. 8, using actual transformed values fortwo subjects, one Case and one Control. Table 13 shows similar resultsfor the LDA model of FIG. 9.

TABLE 12 LDA Calculation Example from LDA Model of FIG. 8 TransformedValues LDA Coefficients 108441 109001 108441 109001 LD (NC) (-C) (NC)(-C) POMC 1.818722 0.9469045 0.9862581 1.722156 1.793729 HDLC 2.7584370.2380461 0.1398791 0.656159 0.385588 VEGF −1.21085 −0.9776551−0.2535115 1.183793 0.306964 LEP 1.268985 1.627581 1.416401 2.0653761.797391 IL6ST −2.24028 2.595694 2.238538 −5.81509 −5.01496 Ins120−1.03408 1.968483 2.252853 −2.03556 −2.32962 IGF1 0.759008 0.86577180.8696624 0.657127 0.66008 LD1 −1.56604 −2.48005

TABLE 13 LDA Calculation Example from LDA Model of FIG. 9 TransformedValues LDA Coefficients 108441 109001 108441 109001 LD (NC) (-C) (NC)(-C) Age −0.08447 59.9 54.9 −5.05953 −4.8372 POMC 1.820517 0.94690450.9862581 1.723856 1.7955 HDLC 5.071465 0.2380461 0.1398791 1.2072420.709392 CCL2 −1.00237 −0.9285024 −1.1653494 0.930707 1.168116 BMI5.502393 1.4133 1.372912 7.776532 7.554301 VEGF −1.09844 −0.9776551−0.2535115 1.073892 0.278466 IL18 1.430255 −0.5086353 −0.6702777−0.72748 −0.95867 IL6ST −1.50694 2.595694 2.238538 −3.91156 −3.37335 EGF0.757834 −0.5828459 −0.3940661 −0.4417 −0.29864 LD1 2.571956 2.237922

As known by one skilled in the art, various other LDA operations andanalysis techniques can be used to then categorize an individual subjectas at risk for a future arteriovascular event, including deriving anoptimized direct LDA value “cutoff” using the LDA function outputdirectly as the result, as is commonly done in diagnostics usingbiomarker ROC curve analysis for new disease markers, or using a normaldistance function from the overall Case and Control Mean LDA values andapplying the results to the pre-test probability of experiencing anarteriovascular event by using Bayseian methods.

Example 2

Similar analysis was performed for the populations of Example 2, whichincluded stroke in the Case arm, as was summarized in FIG. 3.

FIG. 19 is a table providing information on the inputs used underdifferent ARTERIORISKMARKER model types and selection techniques, withresulting “best” models given model design and constraints, within bothof the different case populations of Example 1 (excluding stroke fromthe Case arm) and Example 2 (including stroke in the Case arm). Ofparticular note is the consistency of selection of certain markers,which are the Core Markers of the invention, across three or more modeltypes, multiple model constraints, and marker selection techniques.

Differences in marker selection using the same models and markerselection criteria across the different cohorts excluding versusincluding stroke converters, and amongst the markers when restricted toblood-bourne markers only versus allowed to select all variables, maydemonstrate both the substitutability of certain biomarkers, wheremultiple solutions to the model optimization are likely, and the impactof population and diagnostic indication/intended use on the best fittedmodels. Several techniques of result normalization, modelcross-validation, and model calibration are disclosed herein which maybe employed in various scenarios as appropriate. Furthermore, theconsistency of AUC results between Example 1 and Example 2 indicates theapplicability of various implementations of the invention for bothdiffering arteriovascular event endpoints, which typically areconsidered to represent the greater difference in pathophysiology thancommonly seen in any one of CAD, PAD, or CVD.

Complete forward selection of solely blood-bourne and all 61ARTERIORISKMARKERS was performed for the populations of Example 2 andare presented in FIGS. 20 and 21. FIG. 20 is a chart depicting the ROCcurve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forwardselected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and thenat each step adding one more incremental forward selectedARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derivedAUC statistic. This continues through 53 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERSselected from a total set of the selected blood-bourneARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). The AIC is includedas in the previous charts.

FIG. 21 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics formultiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from asingle ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one moreincremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDAmodel, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 61ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selectedblood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AICis included as in the previous charts.

A comparison of the selection ranking order of the markers shown inExample 2 versus those shown in the comparable analysis of Example 1,presented previously in FIGS. 10 and 11, provides further evidence ofthe ability to optimize models for individual types of arteriovasculardisease.

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. A method for evaluating the risk of a cardiovascular event for asubject comprising measuring at least three component ARTERIORISKMARKERSfor the individual selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERS withinthe groups consisting of Core Markers I, Core Markers II, TraditionalLaboratory Risk Factors, Clinical Parameters, Supplemental Markers I,and Supplemental Markers II, provided at least one componentARTERIORISKMARKER is selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERSwithin Core Markers I.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising measuring atleast two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Core Markers I.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, comprising measuring at least three componentARTERIORISKMARKERS within Core Markers I.
 4. The method of claim 1wherein the component ARTERIORISKMARKER selected from Core Marker I isPOMC. 5-16. (canceled)
 17. A method for evaluating the risk of acardiovascular event for a subject comprising measurement of POMC forthe individual. 18-20. (canceled)
 21. The method of claim 17 comprisingmeasurement of at least one of HDLC Age, BMI, VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL18,LEP for the subject. 22-26. (canceled)
 27. A kit comprising reagents forthe detection or quantification of two or more componentARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the group consisting of POMC, HDLC,VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL8, and LEP.
 28. The kit of claim 27 for thedetection or quantification of three or more of the componentARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the group consisting of POMC, HDLC,VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL8, and LEP.
 29. The kit of claim 27 for thedetection or quantification of four or more of the componentARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the group consisting of POMC, HDLC,VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL8, and LEP.
 30. The kit of claim 27 comprisingreagents for the detection or quantification of markers selected fromPOMC and HDLC, POMC and VEGF, POMC and CCL2, HDLC and VEGF, HDLC andCCL2, or VEGF and CCL2. 31-42. (canceled)
 43. The method of claim 1wherein the measurement of at least one of the componentARTERIORISKMARKERS selected is unaffected by treatment of the subjectwith one or more therapeutic interventions.
 44. The method of claim 1wherein the measurement of at least one of the componentARTERIORISKMARKERS selected is affected by treatment of the subject withone or more therapeutic interventions. 45-59. (canceled)